POTTERY 



POT-WALLOPERS 



369 



In the later part of the 18th century valuable por- 

 celain was also made at Lowestoft, Coalport, 

 Nantgarw, Swansea, and some other centres. The 

 manufacture of Parian or statuary porcelain, which 

 is an unglazed modification of English soft por- 

 celain, was introduced by Copeland and Minton 

 about 1848. 



It is a common practice to place on pottery and 

 porcelain distinctive marks, either painted on or 

 stamped into the bottom of the article. These 

 indicate either the manufactory in which the pieces 

 were made, or the workman, and sometimes the 

 decorator, employed on them ; and in the case of 

 Chinese and Japanese ware the marks give the 

 dynasty or date of execution. It is only in the 

 case of Sevres porcelain that the habit of marking 

 a date by letters of the alphabet was practised. In 



Chinese porcelain date-marks are found indicating 

 that the piece was made as far back as the 10th cen- 

 tury ; but there is reason to believe that many of 

 these early marks are forged, and at most are only 

 copies of more ancient examples which have now 

 ceased to exist. On some pieces of early majolica 

 the date, place, and name of the artist are given. 

 The great European manufactories have generally 

 marks which indicate the place of making only ; 

 but there are other means of arriving approximately 

 at the date. The illustrations (fig. 25) show the 

 marks employed at various important English 

 works ; but many of the manufacturers imprinted 

 or impressed their names in full. In connection 

 with these marks and names it should be borne in 

 mind that it is easier to forge marks and names 

 than it is to produce works equal to the originals 



Xll 



>'t-A 



T 



10 



11 



18 



14 



15 



Fig. 25. Marks on English Ware : 



<1) Pennington, Liverpool, 1760-80; (2) Plymouth, about 1760; (3) Richard Champion, Bristol, 1772-90; (4) Charles Green, Leeds, 

 1790 ; (6) Bow, 1730-90 ; (6) Absolon, Yarmouth, about 1790 ; (7) Chelsea, 1730-84 ; (8) Swansea, Wales, 1790 ; (9) Worcester, 

 1780-80: (10) Yarmouth, about 1790; (11) Derby, 1751-89; (12) Crown, Derby, 1780-1830; (13) Shropshire, 1772-99; 

 (14) Cookworthy, Plymouth, 1780; (15) Derby-Chelsea, 1770. 



imitated, the excellence and value of which causes 

 such forgeries to be put in circulation. There is a 

 vast quantity of forged porcelain in existence, and, 

 specially, imitations of the fine old soft porcelain 

 or Sevres and of other famous fabriques are very 

 abundant. 



The literature of pottery and porcelain is exceedingly 

 voluminous. Among standard wurks of general interest 

 may be mentioned Hrongniart, Traite'desArtsCeramiques 

 ( 3d ed. 1877 ) ; Marrvat, Hi*loi-y of Pottery and Porce- 

 lain (2d ed. 1864 ) ; Jacquemart, Histoirt de la Ceramique 

 <1873; Eng. trans, by Mrs Palliser, Lond. 1873); Gamier, 

 Hwtoirc de la Ceramique (Tours, 1X82) ; DaviUier, Les 

 Oriffinen tie la Porcelaine en Europe ( 1883 ) ; .South Kens- 

 ington Museum Art Handbook*; Birch, Ancient Pottery 

 (new ed. 1873); Rayet and Oollignon, Histoire de la 

 Ceramique Orccque ( 1888 ) ; Jewitt, Ceramic Art of Great 

 Britain (new ed. 1883); Solon, The Art of the Old 

 Enalith Putter (2d ed. 1885); Meteyard, Wedgwood 

 and hit Workt ( 1873) ; Andiley and Bowes, Keramic 

 Art of Japan (1881) ; Gamier, La Porcelaine Tenilre de 

 Sivret ( 1889 ft teq. ; English trans, nearly simultane- 

 ously); Bowes, Japanete Pattern (1890); Darcel and 

 Delange, Iteffnil de faience* Italiennei (1867). For 

 marks and monogram* : Chatter*, Mark* and Mono- 

 388 



gram* on Pottery and Porcelain (7th ed. 1886), his 

 smaller Collector's Handbook (new ed. 1890); Palliser, 

 The China Collector's Pocket Companion (1874) ; Graesse, 

 Guidcde I' Amateur de Porcelaine tt de Poteriet (4th ed. 

 Dresden, 1873). 



I'otton. a market- town of Bedfordshire, 11 

 miles E. of Bedford. Pop. 2006. 



I'ottstOWD, a borough of Pennsylvania, on the 

 Schuylkill River, at the mouth of Manatawny 

 Creek (both crossed by bridges), 40 miles by rail 

 NW. of Philadelphia. It contains iron-foundries, 

 blast-furnaces, rolling-mills, nail-factories, car- 

 works, &c. Pop. ( 1880) 5305 ; ( 1900) 13,6!Mi. 



Pottsville, capital of Schuylkill county, Penn- 

 sylvania, is built on the side of steep hills, on tliu 

 Schuylkill River, at the entrance of Norwegian 

 Creek, 93 miles by rail NW. of Philadelphia. It 

 is in the midst of a rich anthracite coal and iron 

 region, and has several iron -furnaces, foundries, 

 rolling-mills, machine-shops, sawmills, &c. Pop. 

 (1880) 13,253; (1900) 15,710. 



Pot-wallopers (from pot, and wallop, 'to 

 boil or bubble'), the popular designation of a class 



