374 



POWELL 



POYNTER 



Pow ell. BADEN, physicist and theologian, was 

 bom in I.ndon in 1796. was educated at Oriel 

 College, Oxford, in 1821 liwame vicar of Plum- 

 tead, and in 1824 wan made F.K.S From 1827 

 till hu dentil, llth June 1860, he was Suvilian 

 profemor of Geometry at Oxford. He published 

 a history of natural philosophy (1834), treatises 

 on the calculus (1830), optics (1833), and the 

 nndnlatory theory of light (1841); but he U best 

 known by hist contribution on the evidences of 

 Christianity to the Essay* and Rrriew* (q.v.), and 

 by oilier theological works, regarded at the time 

 as dangerously ' liberal ' in tendency. These 

 include Essays on the Plurality of World* (1856), 

 Christianity without Judaism (1857), Natural mm 

 Divine Truth (1857), and The Order of Nature 

 (1858). 



Powell, JOHN WESLKY, an American geologist 

 and anthro|M>logist, was born at Mount Morris, 

 New York, 24th March 1834, and served through 

 the civil war, in which he lost his right arm and 

 rose to the rank of major. He was afterwards 

 professor of Geology in the Wesleyan and. Normal 

 universities, Illinois; in 1868 spent three months 

 of hardship and peril in exploring the canon of 

 the Colorado ; and in 1870 a survey of that river 

 and ite tributaries was placed by congress under 

 his direction. While so engaged he devoted special 

 attention to ethnological researches, and in 1879 

 he was made director of the new Bureau of Ethno- 

 logy ; in 1KS1 he was appointed also director of the 

 United States Geological Survey. Major Powell 

 in 1886 received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- 

 berg and that of I.L. I >. from Harvard, and in 1887 

 was president of the American Association for the 

 Advancement of Science j in 1879, as vice-president, 

 he had delivered an address on ' Mythologic Philo- 

 sophy.' Besides the Exploration of the Colorado 

 River in 1869-71 ( 1875), Lands of the Arid Region 

 of the United States ( 1879), &c., his works include 

 Contribution* to North American Ethnology, and 

 Outline* of the Philosophy of the North American 

 Indian* ( Re|H>rte of Bur. of Etli.). 



Powell, MARY. See MILTON. 



Power is a legal term, to some extent identical 

 in meaning with Mich terms as liberty, faculty, &c. 

 A public officer in empowered to do certain acts 

 which are not permitted to private persons. An 

 individual, not under disability, has power to bind 

 himself by contract, ami to dispose of his property : 

 if he chooses to settle his property he may effect 

 the purposes of the settlement by conferring 

 powers on himself and others ; he may, for example, 

 reserve to himself a power of revocation ; he may 

 give power to a person who takes a life interest to 

 charge the inheritance with poi i ion- for daughters, 

 &c. Powers of appointment are commonly used 

 in English settlements to enable parents to appoint 

 or distribute settled property among their children. 

 Such powers must be exercised in good faith, and 

 with the forms prescrilied by the settler who 

 confers them. A power of attorney is a deed 

 whereby one |wrson appoint-, another to do some 

 act on his Mialf or to represent him generally. A, 

 for example, may make I! his attorney, to manage 

 his estate and receive the rents during A's absem-e 

 abroad. Forms of such powers are given in l>avid 

 son, Prideanx, and other books of precedent* ; the 

 difficult legal questions which arise in regard to 

 powers over settled property are discussed in the 

 treatises of Sugden and Varwell. 



Power. For the Mechanical Powers, see 

 MKCHAMI-- ; and for various motive powers, Me 

 AIR-KNCJINK. I:\-KNOINK, STKAM, PNEUMATIC 

 \ i< H. l'i KI. ; see also HOHSK I-OWKR, TRANS- 

 MISSION OK PMWMI. For tlie'Creat Powers' of 

 the world, see BALANCE OF I'OWKII. 



Powers, HIRAM, American sculptor, was born 

 a farmer's son at Woodstock, Vermont, July 29, 

 1805. While still a boy he went to Cincinnati, 

 Ohio, where he became an apprentice to a clock- 

 maker, and about the same time formed the 

 acquaintance of a German sculptor, who taught 

 him to model in clay. Sulmequently he was 

 employed for seven years making wax figures and 

 littmg them with machinery for the Cincinnati 

 museum. In 1835 he went to Washington, where 

 he executed the busts of several distinguished 

 persons. Two years later he was enabled to pro- 

 ceed to Italy to study his art, and he resided in 

 Florence till his death on 27th June 1873. Thoe 

 he produced his statue of ' Eve,' which excited the 

 admiration of Thorwaldsen, and in 1843 the still 

 more popular 'Greek Slave,' of which six copies in 

 marble, with cast copies innumerable, were pro- 

 duced. Of his 'Fisher Boy' (1846) three conies 

 were ordered. Among his other works the cliief 

 were 'Proserpine,' '11 Penseroso,' 'California,' 

 ' America,' and busts of Washington for the state 

 of Louisiana, of Calhoun for South Carolina, and 

 Daniel Webster for Boston, as well as those of 

 J. Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson, Marshall, Van 

 Buren, and other distinguished Americans. 



Powhatan. See POCAHONTAS. 



Fowls Castle. See WELSH POOL. 



Poynlngs* Act. See IRELAND, Vol. VL p. 

 204. 



Poynter, SIR EDWARD JOHN, painter, was born 

 in Paris, 20th March 1836, the son of Ambrose 

 Poynter, architect, and great-grandson of Thomas 

 Banks, sculptor, R.A. He was educated at West- 

 minster, Brighton College, and Ipswich grammar- 

 school. Very delicate health caused him to be 

 sent to Madeira for the winter of 1852-53, and from 

 this visit arose the earnest desire to become an 

 artist. The winter of 1853-54 was spent in Rome, 

 and here he made the acquaintance of Frederick 

 Leigh ton, then a young man painting his picture 

 of ' Cimabue,' who allowed Poynter to work in his 

 studio, drawing from the models and drapery from 

 which he was studying for his picture. In f856 he 

 went to studv in Paris, and in 1860 settled finally 

 in London. He now made many designs for stained 

 glass, and drawings on wood for Once a Week and 

 other periodicals, and for Dalziel's projected illus- 

 trated Bible. This led him to study Egyptian 

 art ; and in 1864 he began his large ' Israel in 

 Egvpt' (1867). His water-colours are numerous, 

 and he was elected to the Royal Water Colour 

 Society in 1883. In 1868 he was made an A.R.A., 

 in 1876 an R.A. In 1871 he was appointed Slade 

 professor, and in 1876 Director for Art and Prin- 

 cipal of the training-schools at South Kensington 

 a 1' point men t- which in 1881 he resigned as inter- 

 fering too seriously with his time for painting. 

 Among the most important of his works are 'The 

 Catapult' ( 1868) ; 'The Prodigal Son' ( 1869) ; 'The 

 Ibis Girl ' ( 1871 ) ; ' The Festival ' anil ' The Golden 

 Age '( 1875) j'Zenobia' (1876); 'A Visit to JKten- 

 lapins' (1880, now at South Kensington); 'The 

 Ides of March' (1883); 'Outward Hound' (1886); 

 A Corner of the Market Place' (1887); 'Under 

 the Sea Wall' (1888); 'A Corner in the Villa' 

 ( 1889) ; ' The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to Solo- 

 mon ' (1890); and ' Perseus and Andromeda' ( 1872), 

 'The Dragon of Wantley ' (1873), 'AtalanU's 

 Race' (1876), ' Nmisicaa and her Maidens '( 1879), 

 all painted for the Earl of WharnclifTe, and now 

 at Wortlcv Hall. In the years 1869-70 he did the 

 cartoons /or a large mosaic of St George in the 

 central lobby in the Houses of Parliament. In 

 1882-84 he painted designs for the decoration of 

 the dome of St Paul's, and cartoons (full size) 

 for one portion of the dome. Of portrait* may lie 



