POZZO DI BORGO 



PRAED 



375 



mentioned those of Lord Ripon (1886), Sir Gerald 

 Graham (1886), and the Earl of Harewood (1888). 

 In 1894 he became director of the National Gallery. 

 In 1896 he was made P.R.A. and knighted. See 

 the article by Cosmo Monkhouse in the Art 

 Journal for Easter 1897. 



Pozzo di Borgo, CARLO ANDREA, COUNT, 

 was born near Ajaccio in Corsica, 8th March 1764, 

 and was educated at the university of Pisa. An 

 advocate in Ajaccio, in 1790 he joined Paoli 

 (q.v.), becoming thenceforth the enemy instead 

 of the friend of Bonaparte. Paoli made him pre- 

 sident of the Corsican council of state in 1794, and 

 subsequently secretary of state ; but in 1796 he 

 was obliged to seek safety from the Bonapartes in 

 London. Two years later he went to Vienna and 

 ell'ected an alliance of Austria and Russia against 

 France. In 1803 he entered the Russian service as 

 a councillor of state, and was employed in many 

 important diplomatic missions. After the battle 

 of Jena he laboured to unite Napoleon's enemies 

 against him, and again in 1809 and 1812. He also 

 effected the seduction of Bernadotte, crown-prince 

 of Sweden, from the Napoleonic cause ; and after 

 the allies had driven Napoleon across the Rhine, 

 Pozzo di Borgo drew up the famous declaration, 

 'that the allies made war not on Prance, but on 

 Napoleon.' It was he who urged the allies to 

 march on Paris. He represented Russia at Paris 

 and the Congress of Vienna, at the Congress of 

 Verona, and in London, but retired from public 

 life in 1839, and settled in Paris, where he died, 

 loth February 1842. See Notice Biographique by 

 Vuhrer( Paris, 1842). 



Pozznoli, a city of Southern Italy, on the Bay 

 of Naples, 7 miles tV. of Naples, with which it is 

 connected by tramway, a city particularly interest- 

 ing from its numerous memorials of classic ages. 

 Its cathedral was the Temple of Augustus. The 

 Temple of Serapis or Serapeum had a rectangular 

 colonnade of twenty-four pillars, surrounding a 

 round temple with sixteen pillars. Some have 

 alleged that the outer enclosure surrounded a 

 market-place. Some of the pillars still standing 

 are much eaten into by the lithodomus mollusc 

 (see BORING ANIMALS), showing that this volcanic 

 coast was for a considerable time submerged to a 

 depth of 13 feet beneath the sea, ami subsequently 

 upheaved again. Part of the ruins are stilt under 

 the, sea-level. There are the remains of an amphi- 

 theatre in which Nero fought as a gladiator, and 

 which could seat 30,000 spectators ; in it wild 

 beasts refused to injure St Januarius and his com- 

 panions, thrown to them by persecutors. There 

 are also remains of temples to Diana and Neptune, 

 and of the ancient harbour of Puteoli. Behind the 

 town is the Solfatara (anciently called Forum 

 Vulixitii, as being the entrance to Vulcan's 

 forge), a half-extinct volcano, from which issue 

 currents of hot sulphureous gases, inhaled by 

 sufferers with chest complaints, and springs of 

 saline water, used as a remedy for cutaneous 

 diseases. In the neighbourhood are Averting (q.v.): 

 the royal (Italian) hunting-lodge Astoni ; Lake 

 Lucrinus, celebrated for its oysters ; the ruins of 

 Bake (q.v.) and Cumte (q.v.); and the Lake of 

 Agnano, with the Grotta del Cane ( q. v. ). Of a very 

 different interest are the military engineering 

 works, the Stabilimento Armstrong, a little to the 

 west of Pozzuoli ; this is a branch of the famous 

 Armstrong works at Elswick, near Newcastle, 

 established here (1888-90) with the support of the 

 Italian government. Pop. 11,967. The ancient 

 Puteoli was made a Roman colony in 194 B.C. 

 Towards the end of the republican period it became 

 virtually the port of Home, and during the empire 

 was the first emporium of commerce in Italy. 



Puteoli was destroyed by Alaric, Genseric, and 

 Totila, and, though rebuilt by the Byzantine Greeks, 

 it was sacked by the Saracens ( 10th century ) and 

 the Turks ( 1550), and ruined by earthquakes ( 1198 

 and 1 538 ). St Paul landed there. For the volcanic 

 earth found here and elsewhere, and called 

 Pozzuolana or Puzzolana, see CEMENTS. 



Practice, in Arithmetic, is the name given 

 to a method, or rather a system of expedients, for 

 shortening or avoiding the operation of compound 

 multiplication. The nature of the expedients will 

 be best understood by an example : Suppose that 

 the price of 64,875 articles at 2 17s. 6d. is 

 required. It is obvious that the price, at 1, 

 would be 64,875 ; therefore, at 2, it is 129,750 ; 

 at 10s. it is the half of that at 1, viz. 32,437, 10s. ; 

 at 5s., the half of this last sum, or 16,218, 15s. ; 

 and at 2s. 6d., the half of this, or 8109, 7s. 6d. 

 The sum of these partial prices gives the whole 

 price. 



Praed, WINTHROP MACKWORTH (1802-39), 

 was liorn 26th July 1802, at 35 John Street, Bedford 

 Row, London. His name Winthrop came from 

 American connections ; Mack worth nad been the 

 surname of his father, who was a serjeant-at-law. 

 After some training at a private school he went to 

 Eton. Here he was more famous for literature than 

 athletics, and was one of the most brilliant con- 

 tributors to the well known Etonian. From Eton 

 he passed in 1821 to Trinity College, Cambridge, 

 distinguishing himself rapidly in Greek and Latin 

 verse, and cultivating the lighter letters with in- 

 creased success in Charles Knight's Quarterly 

 Magazine, where he had for co-mates De Quincey, 

 Macaulay, Moultrie, H. N. Coleridge, and others. 

 In 1825, having won many college honours, he 

 became tutor to the son of the Marquis of Ailes- 

 bury, intending to qualifv for the bar, to which 

 four years later he was called. In November 1830 

 he entered parliament for St Germains. He sub- 

 sequently became member for Great Yarmouth, 

 and later for Aylesbury, which he represented at 

 his death on 15th July 1839. From 1834 to 1835 he 

 was secretary to the Board of Control. 



But for his short life Praed might possibly have 

 been successful as an orator and politician. As it 

 is, he derives his existing reputation from the 

 finished and facile verses which he wrote almost 

 from his childhood. He is the Coryphaeus of the 

 little band of rhymers whom criticism, according 

 to its taste and fancy, either dignifies or stigma- 

 tises as writers of vers de societe a term in its 

 stricter sense applied to those pieces which treat 

 only of the sayings and doings of the fashionable 

 world. The majority of Praed's efforts belong 

 exclusively to this class ; and in this line his note 

 is so individual, his rhythm so brilliant, and his 

 wit so bright, that it has hitherto been found more 

 easy to imitate than to excel him. A typical 

 example of this side of his talent is the poem called 

 A Letter of Advice. But he is also admirable in 

 a kind of metrical (/enre-painting e.g. The Vicar, 

 which, in the opinion of many, reaches a higher 

 poetical elevation ; while in the Bed Fisherman, 

 Sir Nicholas, and one or two other pieces, he not 

 unskilfully emulates the manner of Macaulay and 

 Hood. His characteristics as a verse-writer are 

 point, elegance, and vivacity ; it is his defect that 

 these excellent gifts are but seldom relieved by 

 any graver note. His collected verses, popular in 

 America long before they were gathered together 

 in England, appeared in 1864 in two volumes, with 

 a memoir by the Rev. Derwent Coleridge; in 1887 

 followed his prose essays; and in 1888 his nephew, 

 Sir George Young, edited his political poems. The 

 liest modern study of Praed is to be found in 

 Saintsbury's Essays in English Literature ( 1890). 



