404 



ruiKsrs HOLE 



PHIMHOSK 



he agreed that In 1 should )>e called a materialist) 

 hi" roiitidence in iiiiiiiortiility. He wan a man of 

 irreproachable character, Berene of temper, feni !-.< 

 in searching alter and confessing the truth, His 

 ervin-. in chemistry an- summed up at Vol. HI. 

 p. 147 (and see OXVOKN); recent research fully 

 justifies Priestley's title to he called the father of 

 pneumatic chemistry ; Thorpe, at the P.iiti-li A- 

 ociation, 1890 (see Xaturr, xlii. 449), not merely 

 defended the priority of his discovery <>( oxygen 

 ( 1774 ) and of the composition of water ( 1781 ), hut 

 denied Lavoisier's claim to In- considered an inde- 

 pendent discoverer. See J. T. Kutt's edition of 

 Priestley's Works (25 vols. 1832), including Auto- 

 biographical Memoir ; anil Martineau's Ettayt, 

 Keviein, ami Addresses (vol. i. 1891 ). 



Priest's Holes. See SKCIIKT CHAMBERS. 



Prilllki. i town of Russia, 87 miles E. hy N. 

 of Kieir, with nade in corn and cattle. Pop. 

 15.231, iini-th- cniMu'cd in the cultivation of 



tobllCCO. 



Prim, .li AN. Spanish general, was liorn at 

 Keus, titli Deccmlier 1814, and rapidly roue to be a 

 colonel, and so distinguished himself in war and 

 siHic-manship its to he made general, marshal, and 

 manjuis. As progressist he opposed Kspartero. 

 Failing in an insurrectionary attempt in 1866, he 

 had to flee to England and Brussels, but here he 

 guided the movement that in 1868 overthrew 

 Isiilielhi. He was war minister under Serrano, 

 Init -.MIM became virtually dictator. He secured 

 the election of mi Italian prince, Ainadeo, as king 

 (in order, as waa thought, that the king might be 

 under the minister's control), and was thereupon 

 .-hut liy an assassin as he left the Cortes, 28th 

 Danabw 1*70. lie .lie.i on the 3uth. 



I'riina Donna ( Ital.), the first female singer 

 in an opeia. 



Primage, a charge (over and above the freight ) 

 paid by the shipper or consigner of goods for load- 

 ing the same, to the master and sailors of a ship, 

 or to the owner or freighter. 



Primary Colours. See COLOUR. 



Primary Itorks. See PALAEOZOIC. 



PrilliatC (Lat. prima*}, anciently a bishop 

 holding a position of lire eminence. Thus the 

 bishop of Home was called primate of the whole 

 church. In modern times the title belongs only 

 to such sees as had formerly the dignity of vicar of 

 the holy see annexed Armagh, Aries and Lyons, 

 Mainz, Toledo, I'i-a :unl Salerno, &c. But none 

 of these possess any special primatial jurisdiction. 

 For the primates in the Church of Knglaiid, see 

 the article AKCIIIIISHOI'. '1'he mime jin'mns is 

 applied in the Scottish F.pi~copal Clnirch to the 

 presiding bishop. He is chosen by the bishops out 

 of their own number, without their Ix-ing iHiund to 

 give effect to seniority of consecration or precedency 

 of diocese. 



Prillintrs. the name given by Linna-us in his 

 system to the lirst order of Mammals (ij.v. ), which 

 he placed lirst ( whence the name, Lat. primus, 

 ' first ') because he ranked man amongst them. 



Prime, the tirst of the 'lesser hours' of the 

 Xoman breviary. See BREVIARY. 



Prim** minister. See TREASURY, CABINET. 



Primero, or I'IIIMK, a game at cards iHipular 

 in Kngland in the 16th century, but now obsolete. 

 The same or a very similar game was played in 

 Italy under the name primiera, and in France 

 under the name- prime, ambigu, \-e. I'riim-io 

 belonged to the family of gUMi of which the old 

 post and pair and the more modern brag and poker 

 are members. 



Primitive Methodists. See MKTHHIII-I> 



PrlinoKenitiire i> tin- rule of law under 



which thccldot >on nl the family succeeds to the 

 father's real estate in preference to, and in absolute 

 exclusion of, the younger sons and all the -i 

 SIM- KVT.MI.. PAIOLT, FKI-HALISM, FIRST-HORN, 

 I. AMI LAWS. SUCCESSION ; and the valuable IIIOMH 

 graph on 1'rimogcttitun (1895) by Evelyn Cecil. 



Primordial Zone, a name applied by liar 

 rande to the group of strata which in Bohemia 

 underlies the Silurian rocks, and is therefore on 

 the hori/x>n of the Cambrian system. 



Primrose ( I'rim /</ ), a genus of plante of the 

 natural order l'rimu)acen>, having a bell >ha]ied or 

 tubular live toothed calyx, a salver-shaped corolla 

 with live segments, five stamens, a globose germen 

 containing many ovules, and a many seeded capsule 

 opening by tike valves, and HMnlH with ten teeth 

 at the apex. The dimorphism of t he stamens and 

 pistil of primrose, illustrated in the accompanying 

 figure, i- not uncommon in other species of tin- 

 genus, and has given rise to the terms thrum-eyed 

 (A) and pin-eyed (B) in the language of florists in 



Primroses ; short ( A ) and long styled ( B ). 



describing varieties of the Auricula and Polyanthus. 

 The distinction is of some practical importance in 

 so far as fertilisation of the individual (lowers is 

 affected bv the relative positions of the respective 

 organs. The species are all herbaceous peren- 

 nials, generally having only radical leaves ; and 

 the flowers in a simple umbel, more rarely with 

 seape- bearing solitary (lowers. Almost all of 

 them are natives of Kurope and the north of Asia. 

 Some of them are among the finest ornaments of 

 our groves and meadows ; some are found in moun- 

 tainous regions. Their fine colours and soft deli- 

 cate beauty have led to the cultivation of some of 



Common Primrose (Primula mlffarii). 



them as garden flowers, probably from the very 

 beginning of lloriculiure. The name Primrose 

 ( Fr. /Vi'i/idVrr, Lat. I'rim nln ) is derived from the 

 Latin //; .v, ' lirst,' and refers to the early appear- 

 ance of the (lowers of some of the most common 



