PRINTING 



413 



cylinders, and is finally cut and delivered at the 

 other end of the machine. Two boys and a man, 

 who superintends the machine, supply all the 

 manual labour required. The speed is about 10,000 

 perfect sheets per hour, equal to 20,000 impressions 

 by the apparatus previously mentioned. The more 

 recent machines nave an attachment for folding, 

 which make two, three, or four folds as required. 



Mr Walter of the Times is entitled to the 

 honour of being instrumental in introducing the 



Fig 



. Hoe Double-web Machine. 



system of rotary printing for news-work, just as 

 his father deserves that of having introduced steain 

 machine-printing. The Walter press was soon 

 adopted as the pattern of a number of machines 

 constructed in Britain and abroad. Some of these 

 machines much developed the idea of the Walter, 

 and embodied fresh and important improvements. 

 In 1870 Messrs George Duncan and Alexander 

 Wilson, of Liverpool, brought out their ' Victory ' 

 machine, which included the folding arrangement 

 since added to the Walter press. 

 By this apparatus newspapers of 

 various sizes are printed, folded, 

 delivered, and counted into 

 quires or any portion required, 

 at the rate of 200 per minute. 



Since about 1870 the rotary 

 system of printing has l>een 

 gradually adopted in the offices 

 of all newspapers having even 



moderately large circulations. ^^ 



Factories for producing rotary 



machines have been established 



in various parts of England, 



while many such machines have 



been imported from France, 



Germany, and America. The 



most improved and the fastest 



machines made up to the present 



time are those of Messrs Hoe & 



Co., of New York and London. 



The most improved of these 



machines print four or six page 



papers at the extraordinary 



speed of 48,000 per hour, or 800 



per minute. Papers of eight, 



ten, or twelve pages can be printed at a speed of 



24,000 per hour, and a sixteen page paper at 12,000 



per hour. The papers can be pasted down the 



centre margins if required, and counted as delivered 



in quires of any number fixed upon. The machine 



delivers the papers, inset, pasted, cut top and 



bottom, turned out as compact as a pamphlet, and, 

 by the addition of a device largely used in America, 

 even folded and wrappered ready for post. This 

 speed is effected by using a reel of paper of double 

 width, about 8 feet wide, on which can be printed 

 duplicate sets of plates. So greatly has the art of 

 Stereotyping ( q. v. ) been improved that eight stereo- 

 plates from one forme can now be moulded, cast, 

 and finished ready for the machine in eight minutes. 

 Fig. 7 shows the double-web Hoe machine. 



The printing business 

 is divided into three de- 

 partments those con- 

 cerned respectively with 

 jobbing or commercial 

 work, with book-work, 

 and with news- work. 

 The improvements of late 

 years in the mechanism 

 and the processes of the 

 first two are equally im- 

 portant with those in the 

 last. The character of 

 ordinary jobbing work 

 has been greatly bettered 

 by the liberal use and 

 correct selection of col- 

 ours, by the introduction 

 of ground tints, and by 

 the artistic taste infused 

 into the design. The 

 typefounders nave pro- 

 vided the printer with 

 more beautiful types and 

 more diversified orna- 

 ments, and both press- 

 man and compositor have utilised with intelli- 

 gence and skill the materials at their command. 

 Jobbing work is chiefly done on small platen 

 machines, invented by an American, G. P. Gordon,, 

 and introduced into Britain as ' Minerva Presses; ' 

 in 1866. There are many varieties now made erf 

 this apparatus. Larger work is done on machines 

 having one or two cylinders. Those of thu 

 ' Wharfedale ' pattern, invented about 1860 by 

 William Dawson and David Payne of Otley, 



Fig. 8. Single-cylinder Machine. 



Wharfedale, Yorks, have one cylinder, and print 

 only one side of the paper at a time. 



The essential parts or the single-cylinder machine 

 ( fig. 8 ), now constructed by engineers in Europe 

 and America with small alterations in pattern, 

 may be regarded as five : the impression appliances 



