PROOFS 



PROPAGANDA 



441 





Proofs, CORRECTION OF. The corrections to 

 be made on a ' proof ' of printed matter are marked 

 on the margin ; and for this purpose an established 

 set of signs or shorthand is used. The following 

 specimen of a proof exhibits the application of most 

 of these signs : 



' To rule the nations with imperial 

 sw<|>y, to impose terms of peace, to 1 a 

 spare the humbled, and to rcush the * *. 

 proud, resigning itto others to de- 3 Z 

 scribe the courses of thejieavens, and * | 

 explain the rising stars ; this, to use 

 the words of the poet of the /Eneid 5 Italic. 

 in the apostrophe of Anchises to 

 Fabius in the Shades^was regarded * ,/ 

 as the proper province of a Roman. * S. caps. 

 The genius of the people was oven 7 stet. 

 more adverse to the cultivation of the 8 Q 

 physical sciences than that A the Euro- of 

 pean Greeks A and [seen| we have] that ' ;/ * tr. 

 the latter left experimental philosophy 

 chiefly in the hands of the ^Ifsian and 10 wf. 

 African colonists, The elegant litera- * 

 ture and metaphysical speculations 

 of Athens, her histories, dramas, epics, 

 and orations, had a numerous host of 

 admirers in Italy, but a feeling of 

 indifference was displayed to the 

 practical science of Alexandria. [' This 

 repugnance of the Roman mind at 

 home to mathematics and physics, 

 extending from the Atlantic to the 

 IndianO cean. from Northern Britain 



A *^^ 



to the cataracts of the Nile, annihi- 

 lated in a measure H- pure sciences 

 in the conquered districts where they 

 had 44-been pursued, and prohibited 

 attention to them in the mother 



A 



country. "~~) 



-Long, indeed, after the age of 

 Ptolemy, the school in connection 

 with which he flourished, remained 

 in existence ; &c. 



11 3 



'tr. 



12 Roman. 



13 New line. 



14 and its 

 despotism 

 abroad. 



11 S 



18 ./ 



19 Run on. 

 6 Caps. 



(1) A wrong letter. After every mark of correction a 

 iline / should be drawn, to prevent its being confounded with 

 'my other in the same line. (2) A word or letter to be 

 transposed. Where letters only are to be transposed, it is 

 better to strike them out, and write them in their proper 

 sequence in the margin, like a correction. (3) A space wanted. 

 This mark is also used when the spacing is insufficient. (4) A 

 space or quadrat sticking up. (5) Alteration of type. One 

 line is drawn under the word for italics, two for SMALL 

 CAPITALS, three for CAPITALS. (6) Correction or insertion of 

 stops. (7) A word struck out, and afterwards approved of 

 (Lat. ttet, 'let It stand'). (8) A turned letter. (9) An omis- 

 sion. (10) A letter of a wrong fount. (11) A word or letter 

 to be deleted. (12) Alteration of type. (13) A new paragraph. 

 (14) Insertion of a clause. (16) A space to be removed or 

 diminished. (16) A wrong word. (17) When letters or lines 

 do not stand even. (18) Mark for a hyphen. (19) No new 

 paragraph. (20) The manner in which the apostrophe, inverted 

 commas, the star and other references, and superior or ' cock-up ' 

 letters and figures are marked. 



The immediate object of a ' reader ' or corrector 

 of the press is to observe and mark every error 

 and oversight of the compositor, with a view 

 to make the printed sheet a perfect copy of the 

 author's manuscript. This is on the supposition 

 that the manuscript itself is quite correct, which is 

 seldom the case ; and therefore the duty of a good 

 reader extends to seeing that there are no incon- 

 sistencies in orthography, punctuation, abbrevia- 

 tions, &c. , and in many cases to the verification 

 of quotations, dates, and proper names. Where 

 extensive alterations, omissions, or additions are 

 likely to be made by writer or editor, it is more 

 convenient to take the proofs on long slips, before 

 division into pages. The making of new para- 

 graphs, or the suppression of those in type, should 

 be avoided as causing trouble and expense. 



The duty of securing consistency in spelling and 

 punctuation is especially important in the case of 

 works on which several writers are employed, such 

 as newspapers and cyclopedias. The corrector has 

 also to direct his attention to the numbering of 

 the pages ; to the arrangement of chapters, para 

 graphs, and notes ; to running titles, &c. It is 

 part of his business to observe the mechanical 

 defects of the work defective types, turned letters, 

 inequalities of spacing between words, sentences, 

 and lines, crooked lines, and to secure symmetry 

 in verses, tables, mathematical operations, and 

 such like. In almost all cases two proofs are 

 taken, and in difficult works, such as those in 

 foreign languages, tables, &c. , even more. Lastly 

 follows the revision, in which little more is done 

 than seeing that the compositor has made all the 

 corrections marked on the last proof. It is usual 

 for the writer or author to reserve the correction 

 of the second proof for himself. 



The thankless and monotonous business of a 

 corrector or reader is more difficult than the 

 uninitiated would believe. It requires extensive 

 and varied knowledge, accurate acquaintance with 

 the art of typography, and, above all, a peculiar 

 sharpness of eye, which, without losing the sense 

 and connection of the whole, takes in at the same 

 time each separate word and letter. See BOOK, 

 PRINTING. 



Propaganda (Lat. De Propayanda Fide), the 

 name of a Congregation (q.v.), and also of a Col- 

 lege, in Koine, the object of which is to direct and 

 forward the propagation of the Catholic religion, 

 especially among the heathen, although Christian 

 dissenters from the Roman Church are also included 

 in the sphere of its operations. The institution 

 was originated by Pope Gregory XIII. ( 1572-84) ; 

 but it was fully organised by Gregory XV., who in 

 1622 established a special Congregation for the 

 purpose. This his successor, Urban VIII., ex- 

 tended and endowed, annexing a college for the 

 education of missionaries to the several countries. 

 One great feature of that college has been 

 to provide for such work natives of the several 

 countries, who are conveyed to Kome at an early 

 age for the purpose of being specially educated in 

 afl the necessary learning of a missionary. This 

 Congregation conducts the affairs not only of the 

 missionary countries properly so called, but also 

 of those in which the hierarchical organisation is 

 not full and formal. The College of the Propaganda 

 is a noble institution, with some 200 pupils of all 

 countries, tongues, and complexions, who are not 

 only maintained and educated gratuitously from a 

 very early age, but are equipped and sent forward 

 to their several destinations at the charge of the 

 institution. It possesses a valuable library (30,000 

 vols. ) and museum, and a polyglot printing-press. 

 Its great festival is the Epiphany of our Lord 

 His ' manifestation to the Gentiles ; ' and this feast 

 is celebrated by an exhibition of exceeding interest 



