4-., 



PUGILISM 



PUISNE JUDGES 



from it. The popularity perhaps remain-, but the 

 legality or the want of it is BO settled iliut tin- 

 P.R. U generally regarded an a tiling of tin- jwmt ; 

 and even busing may Ix' prohibited. 'Boxing' 

 wan once equivalent to 'pugilism.' tlie general 

 term for li-(ic ' mamruvrus, but U now almost 

 exclusively reserved for 'sparring' with [.added 

 gloves. These, of course, are used to prevent the 

 injiuirs which the naked knuckles might intlict, al 

 though a very respectable amount of punishment can 

 lie dealt even with the largest gloves. Broughton 

 was followed by a aeries of champions, amongst 

 whom the most famous were probably John .lark- 

 son (1769-4845) known as Gentleman Jackson; 

 Jem Belcher; Tom Cribb (1781-1848), the most 

 fearless, honest, and simple-minded of gladjAlon : 

 Spring: and Tom Savers ( 18'Jti !>.">), with whom 

 the series practically closed. All these have l>een 

 honoured with handsome monuments, especially 

 Jackson and Cribb, who lie respectively in Hrnmu- 

 ton Cemetery ( London ) and Woolwich churchyard ; 

 while the funeral of Sayers was almost a national 

 demon-iiration, the heterogeneous procession whicli 

 followed Iwing one of the longest, if not actually the 

 largest ever seen even in London. Another boxer, 

 John Gully ( 1783-1863), might have licen champion, 

 but he retired from the ring and actually became 

 M.P. for Pontefract (1832-37), an owner of ex- 

 tensive coal-mineH, and, what to many of his 

 admirers was a fact of much greater importance, 

 his racers thrice won the Derby; and he liegan 

 life as a journeyman butcher ! The popular idol 

 at one time was Jack Shaw (1789-1815), the 

 life-guardsman, a pugili-t of herculean strength, 

 but not so iMili-hed in science as some of his 

 compeers. His patrons offered to buy him out of 

 the regiment when it was ordered abroad, ami to 

 back him for the championship : but the heroic 

 guardsman refused, and, with thousands of his 

 comrades, fell in winning the crowning victory 

 for his country. It is said that he killed, or placet! 

 hart de combltt, ten French cuirassiers at Water- 

 loo before he was himself slain. Many men of 

 the highest standing have deemed it essential to 

 preserve the prize-ring. The great Duke of Well- 

 ington was it- linn snpiMirter ; Sir Koliert Heel and 

 Lord Palnterston lent their influence to it, and Lord 

 Byron, who was a pupil of Jackson, refers to him in 

 really a respectful style in the notes to Don Juan. 

 George Burrow's Bgjn with the ' Flaming Tinman ' 

 is truly Homeric ; and he lauds lioxing as he lauds 

 all things English. Thackeray, too, whose nose 

 is said to have been broken in a school fight with 

 a future church dignitary, devoted one of his 

 Roundabout Paperi to the fight between Savers 

 and Heenan. It would occupy too much spare 

 to continue this catalogue of admirers, but did 

 we do so it would show how different was the 

 popular tone of thought not so very long ago. 



The P.It, may undoubtedly claim to have fur 

 pished an Item ill Knglij.li history; for when the 

 allied sovereigns vi-ited London lifter tin' peaee of 

 1SI4 the most ini|Hirtaiit ami brilliant gathering 

 of potentates on record it was deemed fitting by 

 the highest authorities to -how them a display of 

 boxing, supported by the liest pugilists of tlie day 

 a display greatly admired by the visitors. A year 

 or two later the Grand-duke of Prussia saw a pi i/e 

 battle and shook hands with the victor. The Shah 

 of Persia in 1873 was also greatly delighted with a 

 similar exhibition. The real decadence of the ring 

 dates from the establishment of police in ev.-rv 

 county of England, which rendered it well-nigh 

 impossible to 'get a fight off;' the lending patrons 

 of the -|>rt withdrew disgusted at the continual 

 disappointment, leaving the boxers to the inllnenro 

 of a very different class. From the absence of 

 *ny legal' restraint, there had always been danger 



of disorder and riot, to check which no adequate 

 force could be provided ; yet latterly such scene* 

 grew more frequent and worse in character, so that 

 the demand from its opponents for the suppression 

 of the ring gained in strength, while the efforts of 

 those who would preserve it were proportionately 

 weakened. 



As with most other extensively followed games, 

 the pi i/e ring had a dialect of its own. a 'Hash 

 lingo,' a few s[>ecinienB of which may amuse the 

 reader. The fists were 'maulevs,' and when l>oth 

 boxers struck with the same hand at the same 

 time, the blow was called, aptly enough, a 'counter- 

 hit,' or only a 'counter.' \Vhen one struck with 

 the right and the other with the left at the same 

 time, the blow was a ' cross counter.' ' Countering ' 

 was the most exciting, and the severest mode of 

 inflicting punishment. 



In consequence of the tjolice difficulties attending 

 pri/e light- on the old lines, they have gradually 

 drifted into exhibition matches, in which the 'gate' 

 is an important factor. These lights are conducted 

 under the Queenaberry rules, so called from the mar- 

 quis of that name who fi ret drew them u p ( about 1 890 ). 

 They modify the conditions considerably, and as 

 gloves are used (thinly Muffed, from 4 to 6 ounces 

 in weight) they are nominally boxing contests and 

 are presumably legal. They generally end in one 

 of the combatants being 'knocked out' that is, 

 rendered insensible long enough to be unable to 

 continue the fight. A blow on the point of the 

 jaw or on the heart or stomach is the usual method 

 of accomplishing this end. They are generally con- 

 ducted under the auspices of some athletic club on 

 a platform enclosed with a 24-feet ring, a charge 

 being made for admission. They are very popular 

 in the United States, where the bigge-i lights have 

 taken place, such as that in which Fit/>immons beat 

 Corbett in 1897, and when Jeffries beat Fitzsim- 

 nic.n- in 1899. In the latter case the money drawn 

 for admis-inn amounted to 75,000 (15,1100), of 

 which sum over 12,000 was divided between the 

 pugilists. 



See Egan's Boxiana (5 vols. 1818); Fittiana (1863): 

 American Fittiana (New York, 1870); ' Pi ndrmgon, 1 

 Modern Boxing (1878); H. D. Miles, I'uyUitticH (2vola. 

 1880); J. R O'Reilly, Ethict of Bvximj mid Manly 

 Sport; and Pollock and Grove's Fencing, Roxinii, and 

 H'rCTf/in-M Badminton Library, 1889); K. U. Allanson- 

 Winn, Boxing ( Isthmian Library, 1M)7 I. 



Puffin, AUGUSTUS WEI.UY, architect, was born 

 in London on 1st March 1812, the son of a French 

 architect, Augustin Pugin (1762-1832), in whose 

 office, after schooling at Christ's Hospital, he was 

 trained, chietlv by making drawings for bis father's 

 liooks on Gothic building*. Whilst working with 

 Sir ('. Barry he designed and modelled a large part 

 of the decorations and sculpture for the new Houses 

 of Parliament (1836-37). Early in life be beoMM 

 a convert to Roman Catholicism ; and most of his 

 plans were made for churches and other eccle 

 tiral e.lilires belonging to that communion, the most 

 successful l>eing perhaps a church at Kamsgate, 

 Killarney Cathedral, Adare Hall in Ireland, and 

 the Benedictine chapel at Douai. He died insane 

 at Ilamsgate, on 14th September 1852. He enriched 

 the literature of his profession by I'ontrnnln . . . 

 In-l in-en the Architecture of the 15th tmd 19th 

 Centuries (1836), a Treatite on Clinm-rl Srreent 

 (1851 ), and The True Principle* of Christian Archi- 

 tecture (1841). See B. Ferrer's Recollcrtinns of 

 A. II'. 1'uyin and hit Father (1861 ). 



Hi- son, EDWARD WELBY PUGIN (1834-75), 

 succeeded to bin father's practice, and was the 

 architect of many Roman Catholic churches, &c, 



INlK-mlll. Se BRICK. 



Puisne Judges. See COMMON LAW. 



