PULLMAN 



PULSK 



more convenient in practice, and U modified accord- 

 ing to the purpose for \vliii-h it is to be used; 

 two prevalent forms are given in figs. 4 and 5. 

 In this system one Hiring patera round all the 

 pulleys, and, as the tension in 

 every part of it is that produced 

 by the weight of 1', the whole 

 forceapplied to elevate the lower 



block with its attached weight, 



\\ , is the \\eight I* multiplied 

 hy the nil in her of strings at I ached 

 to the lower hlock ; in lig. 4 \V 

 = 41', and in lig. :> \V = 6P, 

 the pulleys in I In- II|>|MT hlock 

 lieing only of use in changing the 

 direction of the pulling force. 

 Tlii- system U the one in coniinon 

 use in architecture, in dock- 

 yards, and on lioard ship, and 

 various modifications of it such 

 as White's pulley, Smeuion's 

 pulley, &c. nave been intro- 

 Oaeaa ; hut the simpler forms 

 shown above have Iwen found to 

 answer best. The third system 

 ( tig. 6 ) is merely the lirst system 

 iii ! ted. and it is a little more 

 powerful, besides having the 

 weight of the pulleys to snpiHirt the power, instead 

 of acting in opposition to jt, as in the former 

 case. The mechanical advantage can l>e traced 

 out by finding from the form of the combination 

 the ratio between the run of the tackle over the 

 last sheave and the vertical accent of \\ , when 

 motion is set up. Theoretically, the larger the 

 number of movable pulleys in any one combina- 

 tion the greater is the mechanical advantage 

 afforded by it; but the enormous friction pro- 

 duced, and the want of perfect flexibility in the 

 ropes, prevent any great increase in the number of 



pulleys. 



Pullman. CEORRK MORTIMER, the inventor of 

 the well-known 'cars,' was lioni in New York 

 state in 1831, engaged in the business of moving 

 and raising buildings, and as early as 1859 made 

 his first sleeping-cars, and in 1863 the first on the 

 model with which his name is now associated (see 

 RAILWAYS). The Pullman Palace-car Company 

 was formed in 1867, under his presidency, and now 

 works nearly 1500 cars. In 1880 he founded an 

 industrial town near Chicago, by which it has since 

 been absorlied. On the 19th of Octolwr 1897 he 

 dropped down dead in the streets of Chicago. 



Pnlmonarla. See LUNGWORT. 

 Piilmoiialeg. See GASTEROPODA. 

 Pulo-Penang. Sec PKNAM;. 



Plllplt (Lat. pal/n't inn), an elevated tribune 

 or desk, from which sermons, lectures, and other 

 -oleum religions addresses are delivered. In great 

 churches the pulpit is commonly placed on the 

 north side of the nave against the wall, or in 

 juxtaposition with a pillar or buttress (see also 

 AMMO). The pulpits of the Low Countries and 

 of (iermaiiy are often masterpieces of clu'mrate 

 carving in wood nnd stone, frequent subjects for 

 treatment lieing the Conversion of St Paul, the 

 Call of Peter and Andrew, anil Adam anil 

 Eve (as in the wood-carved pulpit by Verbruggen 

 in St Cudiile at Brussels). Sometimes the canopy 

 or sounding-board is the part most elaborately 

 adorned by carving in wood or stone, as in 

 the pulpit at potheringhay, Northamptonshire. 

 Amongst the masterpieces of Niccola Pisario are 

 the Ix'Hiitifully wrought marble pulpits of the 

 baptistery at Pisa, and of the cathedral at Siena. 

 Some are adorned by bronze- work. The pulpit 



(in Arabic, mitubar) forms one of the scanty 



appliances of 



Mohammedan 



wotship. See 



I tollman's Ex- 



a in />lei of 



Ancient PuJftitt 



in England 



(1849). 



Pulque, a 



favourite bever. 

 age of the Mexi- 

 cans and of the 

 inhabitants of 

 Central America 

 and some parts 

 of South Amer- 

 ica ; made from 

 the fermented 

 juice of different 

 species of Agave 

 (q.v.). 



Pulsatilla. 

 or PASO.UE 

 FLOWER, a 

 species of Ane- 

 mone (.1. /i a /.in 

 till,, ), of the 

 natural order 

 Kanunculacete, 

 The species is a 

 perennial herb 

 with doubly pin- 

 natilid or don lily 

 trifid leaves, and Pulpit ( Fotheringhay, Northampton- 

 a simple one- shire, 1440). 



(lowered scape. 



It is narcotic, acrid, and poisonous. The pulsaiilla 

 is a native of many parts of Europe, and of chalky 

 pastures in several part* of England. It has widely 

 Iiell-shaped bluish-purple flowers. Other species of 

 Anemone have similar properties, A. jirntrnxix and 

 .1. finlfiix, the former a native of Europe generally, 

 the latter of Siberia. They all emit, hen bruised. 

 a pungent smell, and contain, as their principal 

 constituent, a peculiar pungent essential oil, which, 

 in combination with AHI-IIHHIH- .!</</. forms an nciid 

 and very inflammable substance called Aiiii/i,,iniic 

 or PtUsatilia (.'iim/i/ior, and is sometimes used in 

 medicine. I'lilsntitla is a favourite medicine of 

 the honncopat lusts. Easter eggs aie coloured 

 purple in some places with the petals of the pasque 

 flower. 



Pulse (Lat. mils), a name for tin- edible seeds 

 of leguminous plants, as corn is the name tor the 

 edible seeds of grasses. Peas and beans are the 

 most common and important of all kinds of pnl-c : 

 next to them may lie ranked kidney l>eans. lentils, 

 chick-peas, pigeon peas, i\c. The lest kinds of 

 pulse are very nutritious, but not easy of digest inn, 

 and are very apt to produce flatulence. 



I'lllse (Lat. jniltiM. 'a pushing or Ix-ating'). 

 The phenomenon known MS the arterial pulse or 

 arterial pulsation is due to the distension of the 

 ait. -vies consequent ii|Kin the inlei miiteiit injection 

 of blood into tneir trunks, and the subsequent con- 

 traction which results from the elasticity of their 

 walls. It is perceptible to the touch in all except 

 ing very minute arteries, and, in exposed positions, 

 is visible to the eve. The pulse is usually < \ 

 amined at tin- radial arlerv ai the wrist, tin- 

 advantages of that position being that the artery 

 is very superlicial, and that it is easily com 

 against the Inine, It is usual and con- 

 venient, though not quite accurate, to include 

 under the term the conditions observed bdv.i.n 

 the Keats, as well as those produced bv them. 



