494 



rrxKAH 



PUKCELL 



The indigenous vegetation is meagre. Trees are 

 few in number and twiall, and fuel U so scarce 

 that cow-dung is much used in iU stead. \\ heat 

 i f \i-i-l I fii t quality is produced in considerable quan- 

 tiii'-. ami indigo, sugar, cotton, toliacco, opium, 

 tea, rice, barley, mil Iff, maize, and numerous 

 vegetables and fruits are grown. Tin- nianufaclur- 

 in;; industry -cottons, WIHH! work, inui, Iciitln-r, 

 gold and silver lace, silk, and shawls is" very con- 

 siderable, and U carried on for the most part in the 

 great towns, as Amritsar, Lahore, Mullan, &c. 

 Punjab export* indigo, grain, salt, metals, spices, 

 tea, tobacco, manufactured cottons, hides, and 

 leather to Kabul, Cashmere, Turkestan, and 

 Tibet ; and import* dyes, goats' wool, raw silk, 

 fruite, ghee, horses, fur-, timlier, and shawl cloth. 

 The total value of this trade reaches annually 

 2,299,900. The inhabitants are of various races, 

 chiefly Sikhs, Jats, Rajputs, and Pathans. Of the 

 whole |io|>iil.'ition. nearly 56 per cent, are Moham- 

 medans ; Hindus constitute nearly 38 per cent. ; 

 and Sikhs 6 per cent. The Jais are the most 

 prominent race, and are said to have formed the 

 ' core and nucleus ' of the Sikh nation and military 

 force. For the history of the Punjab, see SIKHS. 



Pllllknh, a gigantic fan for ventilating apart- 

 ments, used in India ami tropical climates. It 

 consist* of a light frame of wood, covered with 

 calico, from which a short curtuin depends, and 

 is suspended by ropes from the ceiling ; another 

 rope from it passes over a pulley in the wall to a 

 servant stationed without ; the servant pulls the 

 punkah backwards and forwards, maintaining a 

 constant current of air in the chamber. 



I'llllO. See PERT, pp. 79-80. 



Punt, a heavy, oblong, flat-bottomed boat, 

 useful where stability and not speed is needed. 

 I'unU are much used for fishing and wild-fowling. 

 Some are fitted for oars ; but the more usual mode 

 of propulsion is by poles operating on the bottom. 



Punta Arenas, (1) the chief port of Costa 

 Ki'-.-i on the Pacific, stands on a 'sandy point' 

 jutting into the (iulf of Xicoya, and is connected 

 by railway with Esparza, 14 miles east-north-east. 

 The principal export is coffee, and after that india- 

 rubl>er, hides, dye-woods, and tortoiseshell. Pop. 

 8000. (2) A town in Patagonia (q.v.). 



Pupa (bit., 'a doll'), the stage which inter- 

 venes between the larva and the adult in the life 

 of insects with complete metamorphosis. Chry- 

 taiu, aurclia, nymph are almost synonymous terms, 

 but pupa is more general and is sometimes applied 

 to stages in the metamorphosis, of other animals 

 liesides Insect* (q.v.). 



Pupil. See INFANT, and EVE, VoL IV. p. 607 ; 

 for Pupil-teachers, see EDUCATION. 



Puppet. See M.UMONKTTBS. 



Purana (Saiisk., 'old') is the name of that 

 flans of religions works which, Ix-sides the Tantras 

 |.v.), is the main foundation of the actual popular 

 creed of the Urahmanical Hindus (see INDIA, Vol. 

 VI. p. 106). According to the popular Itelief, these 

 works were compiled by Vyasa, the supposed 

 arranger of the Vedas (q.v.), and the author of the 

 Mahahharata (q.v.), and possess an antiquity far 

 lievotid the reach of historical computation. A 

 critical investigation, however, of the contents of 

 the rfittiiKj works hearing that name must neces- 

 sarily lead to the conclusion that in their prc.-i-iil 

 form they not only do not lieloiig to a remote age, 

 'nit can liarely claim an antiquity of a thousand 

 \.-ai-. i hough they contain materials much more 

 ancient. Co*mogonic ami theogonic ilix'trines, 

 epic st.,ri.-. l.'j.'1'ii'huy lore, and miscellaneous and 

 encyclopaedic matter constitute their content*, 

 all recognise the Hindu trinity, out are of 



sectarian tendency ; the claims of one god or one 

 holy place being in the various books or parts 

 of them insisted on as worthy of special, it not 

 exclusive, reverence. The Purdnas are usually 

 wiid to be eighteen iunumlier (with a sulNirdiiiate 

 1'pa-puriina to each); and these are sulxlividcil 

 into three groups of six. The first two aredcvot. .1 

 to Vishnu and to Siva ; the third, which should hu\e 

 fallen to Brahma, is mainly devoted to the several 

 forms of Vishnu, Krishna, Devi, Ganesa, and 

 Snrya. They are written in epic couplets, and tin- 

 eighteen chief Puranas are calculated to contain 

 400,000 couplets. 



See VISHNU, SANSKRIT LITERATURE ; Dr John Hair's 

 Satuerit Tactt (1868-71 ) ; the Vishnu Purana trans, by 

 H. II. Wilson (1840; 2d .-.1. l.y Fitxedward Hall, ].- 

 77) ; the Bhagavata Purina, edited, with a French trans- 

 lation, by Burnout and Hauvette-liesnault (4 vol. Paris, 

 1840-84), and, with a Sanskrit commentary. !>> shridliar 

 Pandit (3 vols. liombay, 1887); the Mirkamleya ami 

 Agni l*uranas, in the liMiotlitca fndica, by Banerjea and 

 Kajendralah Mitra. 



Pnrbeok, ISLE OF, a peninsular district of 

 Dorsetshire, 12 miles long and 5 to 9 broad, is 

 bounded N. by the river Frome and Poole Har- 

 bour, E. and s. by the English Channel, and \V. 

 liy the little stream of Luckford Lake, which runs 

 from Lnlworth Park to the Frome. The coast is 

 bold and precipitous, with St A limns Head, 360 

 feet high ; inland a range of chalk downs curves 

 east and west, attaining a maximum height of 655 

 feet. The geology of the ' ble ' is very interesting. 

 The Purbeck Beds are a group of strata forming 

 the upper members of the Jurassic System (q.v.); 

 the Purbeck Marble, belonging to the upper section 

 of these, is an impure fresh water limestone, com- 

 posed almost wholly of the shells of Palm/itm 

 carinifera (see DlRT-BKDS). Nearly a hundred 

 quarnes are worked ; and the quarry men still form 

 a curious kind of trades' guild. Of old the 'isle' 

 was a royal deer-forest. Swanage and Corfe Castle 

 are the chief places. 



See Robinson's A Royal Warren, or Ramblti in the 

 Itle of Purbeck ( 1882), and J. Braye's Smna ; it ( 1890). 



Pnrcell. HENRY, the most eminent of English 

 musicians, was born at Westminster in KiTiS, and 

 was son of Henry Pnrcell, one of the gentlemen of 

 the Chapel Royal appointed at the Restoration. He 

 lost his father at the age of six, and was indebted 

 for his musical training to Cookc, Humlrey, and 

 Ih Itlow. His compositions at, a very earfy age 

 gave evidence of talent. In I ti80 he was chosen 

 to succeed Dr Christopher (iibbons as organist of 

 Westminster Abbey; and in lt>S'2 he was made 

 organist of the Chapel Royal. He wrote numerous 

 anthems and other coni|N>sitions for the church, 

 which were eagerly sought after for the use of the 

 various cathedrals, and have retained their place 

 to the present day. 1 'ill-cell's dramatic and chamber 

 compositions are even more remarkable. Among 

 the former may be mentioned liis ojiera Dido mt 

 jEnetts, written at the age of seventeen, his mti-ic 

 to the T>iii/>rxt, his songs in Dryden's A 'i/iy Arthur, 

 his music to Howard's and Dryden's Imliiin V"" ", 

 to D'Urfey's Don Quixote, &c. A great many of his 

 cantatas, odes, glees, catches, ami rounds are yet 

 familiar to lovers of vocal music. In 16S3 he com 

 posed twelve sonatas for two violins and a Irnss. 

 Purcell studied the Italian masters deeply, and 

 often made reference to his obligation- to them. 

 In originality and vigour, as well as richness of 

 harmony and variety of expression, he far surpii 



|M>(|] his pivd ssors and nis contemporaries. II i 



style foreshadows that of Handel. His chinch 

 music was collected and edited from the original 

 MSS. by Vincent Xovello, in a folio work which 

 appeared in 1829-32, with a portrait and essay ou 

 In- life and works. A complete edition of his 



