49G 



PUKITANS 



PUKPLK KMI'KUOR 



i-..n-i.i,-r it an adaptation of a similar Persian feast 

 y<ir,iig<in ( FOrdiyftn '), and Lagnnle lion slmu i 

 that tin' two names are identical. See KvriiKit. 



Puritans, a name first given, according t< 

 Fuller, in 1564, and according t<> str.c in 1569 

 to those clergy MICH of the Cluircli of KMfUad win 

 refused to conform to its litmgy. cei. -monies, ant 

 discipline as arranged by Aroiittshop Tinker an<i 

 hi> coadjutors. The history of Puritanism withii 

 the church U 8ketche<l at ENGLAND (Cliriti-n OF I 

 Vol. IV. |ip. 358-359. In spite of the sharpest 

 repressive measures, the principles of Uie party 

 amongst the clergy who believed that the church 

 did not separate itself markedly enough from 

 K. >maii Catholicism and needed further relorma- 

 lioti gradually spread among the serious port ion ol 

 i he laity, who were also called Puritans. Hut tin 

 name appears not to have lieen conlined to tho>. 

 who wished for certain radical changes in the forms 

 of the church. The character that generally 

 accompanied this wish led naturally enough to a 

 wider use of the term ; hence, according to Sylvester, 

 ' the vicious multitude of the ungodly called all 

 Puritans that were strict and serious in a holy life 

 were they ever so conformable. ' This is the sense 

 in which the Elizabethan dramatists use the word. 

 From this very breadth of usage one sees that there 

 were different degrees of Puritanism. Some would 

 have been content with a moderate reform in the 

 rites, discipline, and liturgy of the clmivli ; others 

 ( like Cartwright of Cambridge) wished to abolish 

 Episcopacy altogether, and to substitute 1'resby- 

 teriani.sm ; while a third party, the lirownist- or 

 Independents, were out-and-out dissenters, opposed 

 alike to Presbyterianism and Episcopacy. During 

 the reigns of James I. and Charles I. the spirit or 

 Puritanism continued more and more to leaven 

 English society and the English parliament, 

 although the most violent efforts were made by 

 both monarchs to extirpate it. Up till the time 

 of the Synod of Dort (1618-19) both the Puritans 

 and their opponent* in the church hail been sub- 

 stantially Calvinist ; the strong tendency towards 

 Arminianism amongst churchmen raised a new- 

 ground of controversy lietween the Puritans and 

 the other sections of the church, both Laudian 

 and Latitudinarian. The policy of Land anil 

 the outrages practised by Charles on the English 

 constitution led many who were not at all Genevan 

 in their ideas to op|x>se both church and king 

 for the sake of the national liberties. In the 

 memorable ' Westminster Assembly of Iiivinc-' 

 (1643) the great majority of the ministers Men- 

 Presbyterians. But the more advanced Puritans, 

 who were predominant in the army and tlie parlia- 

 ment, ultimately triumphed in the person of 

 Cromwell (q.v.). The Restoration ( 1600) brought. 

 back Episcopacy, and the Act of rniformity i liii.j 

 threw the Puritans of the church into the position 

 of dissenters. Their subsequent history is treated 

 under the different forms of dissent. Before the 

 Civil War broke out so great were the hardships to 

 which the Puritans were exposed that many of 

 them emigrated to America, to seek libertv ami 

 peace on the solitary shores of the New World. 

 There they became the founders of the New 

 England states, and cultivated unmolested that 

 form of Christianity to which they were attached. 

 Nowhere did the spirit of Puritanism in its evil as 

 well as its good more thoroughly express itself 

 than in Massachusetts. In Scotland Puritanism 

 dates rather from the 'Second Reformation 'of 1638 

 than from the original establishment of Presby- 

 terUnism after the Heformation. 



See Neal's Biitory of the Puritant (ed. by Toulmin, 

 5 roll. 1822); the histories by StoweU (1849; new cd. 

 1878) and Handen (1850) ; Bacon, The Ornai, of the 

 ffeic Ktt-ilnift i-hiirrtui (New York, 1874); 'Ellis, 



/. i/un Aye in MauachutrUt (Boston, 1888); the 

 work, cited at 8. K. UABDINEH, with his Conttttntional 

 Document* of Puritan Revolution (1890); the articles 

 in this work on INDEPENDENTS, BBOWNE, I'HEKBY- 

 TEKiANisii, WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY, PBYMNE, .M u; 

 PKKLATE, HAMPTON COIUT, SMKCTYMNUUS; EUZA- 

 BKTH, JAMES I., CHAKLES I., CBOMWELL, MILTON- on 

 LAM.. PABKEK, <;HINDAL, WHITUIFT; and on the 

 Puritans HOWE, BAXTEB, OWEN. In Xichol's edition 

 "f tlu- IhmUn divines (2U vols. 1861 et tttj.) other names 

 included are those of Manton, Adams, Goodwin, and 

 Clarluon. 



Purkilljv's FlKlirr. named after the physio- 

 logist J. I-.. Purkmje (1787-1869), professor at 

 Ureslau and at Prague ; see EVE, Vol. IV. p. 512, 



Purl. a Leverage made by warming a pint of 

 ale with a quarter of a pint of milk, and adding 

 sugar and a wine glassful of gin, mm, or brandy. 



Purley. See TOOKI: , ll 



Purim-reinl, a town of North Holland, 10 



miles X. of Amsterdam : pop. -I'isii. 



Pliriliah, a town of British India, in the presi- 

 dency of Bengal, 230 miles NNW. of Calcutta, has 

 a trade in jute. Pop. 16,500. 



Purple Colours. Painters in oil and water 

 colours produce various shades of purple by mixing 

 certain red and blue pigment-. For work in ou 

 French ultramarine, often called French blue, is 

 mixed with vermilion or some madder red (madder 

 carmine is liest ), or one of these reds with cobalt 

 blue if a pale purple is wanted. For permanent 

 imtples in water-colours the same blues are used ; 

 but one of the madder reds, not vermilion, should 

 IK- mixed with them. A much richer purple than 

 any of the above mixtures will give is pro 

 duced by Prussian bine and one of the lakes from 

 cochineal viz. carmine or crimson lake but it is 

 not permanent. This purple, as well as that 

 obtained by mixing Indian red with indigo, also 

 fugitive, was much used bv water colour painters 

 in past years. Purple madder U the only simple 

 purple pigment available for the arti.-t which i- 

 durable, and it is unfortunately costly. All 

 purples are changed to neutral and gray lints by 

 the addition of any yellow pigment. For house. 

 painting moroon lake with a little French blue 

 give- a useful purple; but some of the above 

 mixtures also are occasionally used. 



There are several ways of dyeing textile fabrics 

 of a purple colour. The most famous of all ancient 

 dyes was the Tvrian purple, which is -,-iid to have 

 been discovered at Tyre many centuries In-fore the 

 Christian era. Among the Knmaiis this colour was 

 exclusively employed for dyeing the imperial robe. 

 It was obtained from sbclllish belonging to the 

 genera Murex, Purpura, and Huccinum ; at least 

 It has IM-CII supposed that it was prepared fiom one 

 ir more species of each of these. '1 he colour was 

 so cost 1\- that in the time of Augustus one pound 

 >f it sold for what would amount to H'M sterling. 

 Aliout the year 1851 what i- Ix-lieved to be the 

 same or a closely similar purple was obtained from 

 uic acid bv a peculiar treatment (see Mi i;i \ : 

 KVKINC, Vol. IV. p. 139; and Pmr.\i< i 

 Archil Iq.v.) seem- to have been the only simple 

 inrple dye known in the middle ages. Purple of 

 ' j> ;i compound of gold and tin used in 



olonring Class (ci.v.), and in porcelain and 

 miniel painting. It was discovered at I.eyden 

 jy Andrew Cassius about 1683. A preparation 

 )f this colour was formerly used for painting 

 niniaturcs in water-colour; but for this purpose 

 uirple madder, lieing chea|>er, has taken its place. 



Purple Kmporor (Apntura int), one of the 

 argest of British butterflies, and one of the most 

 richly coloured. The expanse of wings is from 21 

 HJ inches. The wings are strong and thick, and 



