511? 



QUADRIGA 



QUAQOA 



Hence we have 22515*85 x 0-5 - 11257-8125; 

 I x 0-5 x (y., + y,) = 109375 ; A x 0'5 x (Ay. 

 - ay.) = 6-61458 ; A x 0-5 x (A*W. + ^Vt) 

 -0-/8125. We therefore get by thu method, 

 approximately, for the value of the area the quan- 

 tity 10156-67. The correct value U 10156-25, aud 

 so the emir U leas than one in twenty thousand. 



This method is of extreme utility in the evalu- 

 ation of definite integrals when rigorous processes 

 are not attainable. 



Quadriga* See CHARIOT. 



Quadrilateral, the name given in history to 

 the four fortresses of North Italy Mantua, Verona, 

 Peschiera, and Legnago which form a sort of 

 outwork to the bastion of the mountains of the 

 Tyrol, and divide the north plain of the Po into 

 two sections by a most powerful barrier. They 



The Quadrilateral. 



have figured in all the later wars that have been 

 fought in North Italy, especially in the ware 

 between Austria and the different Italian states. 

 Russia has a similar combination of four fortresses 

 in Poland, called the Polish Quadrilateral. See 



NOVOOEORGIKVSK. 



Quadrille, a dance of French origin, intro- 

 duced alxuit 1808 into England. It consists of 

 consecutive dance movements, generally five in 

 number, danced by four or more couples, opposite 

 to, or at right angles to, each other. See 

 DANCING. 



Quadrille, a game at cards, very fashionable 

 about two centuries ago. It is very similar to 

 the Spanish game of Ombre (q.v.), with the 

 necessary alterations to lit it for a four-handed 

 game. \Vhen whist came into fashion after 1740, 

 quadrille began to l<me favour. 



Qiiadrivium. See EDUCATION, Vol. IV. p. 205. 



Quadroon, the oii'-prin}; of a mulatto and a 

 white person ; the name indicate* a man or woman 

 who is * quarter- blooded. ' 



Quadrii maiia i l.at.. 'four-handed'), in the 

 zoological system of < 'uvier an order of Mammalia, 

 which he placed next Bimana, and which con- 

 tained the animals most nearly resembling man 

 in their form and anatomical character viz. the 

 monkey and lemur families. See ANTHROPOID 

 APES, MAMMALS. MONKKYS. 



QlUldrnple Alliance, a league formed 

 August I7IS NtWWB England, France, Austria, 

 and Holland to counteract the ambitious schemes 

 of AllHToni. It was made upon the Iwis of the 

 Triple Alliance which wan formed in the January 

 of 1717 betwwn England, Holland, and France, 

 and by which the clauses in the treaty of I'tvrcht 

 having reference to the accession of the House of 



Hanover in England, the renunciation by the 

 Spanish king of his claims on the French throne, 

 and the accession of the House of Orleans to the 

 French throne should the young kin^. Louis XV., 

 die without issue, were guaranteed. The Spanish 

 tleet was destroyed by I (vug oil' Cape Passaro, 

 while the French crossed the Pyrenees and inflicted 

 several defeats upon the Spaniards; and at length 

 Philip was compelled to dismiss his ambitious 

 minister, and accept the terms of the Quadruple 

 Alliance, January 19, 1720. 



Qlia'Stor was anciently the title of a class of 

 Roman magistrates, reaching as far back, accord- 

 ing to all accounts, as the period of the kings. The 

 oldest qiiipstors were the qticestora juirriciilii ( ' in- 

 vestigators of murder,' ultimately public accusers), 

 who were two in number. Their office was to con. 

 duct the pi< j-ccntion of persons accused of murder, 

 and to execute the sentence that might be pro- 

 nounced. They ceased to exist as early as 366 B.C., 

 when their functions were transferred to the Trium- 

 viri Capitale-s. But a far more important though 

 later magistracy was t\\eqiuestoretcfcutici, to whom 

 was entrusted the charge of the public treasury. 

 They appear to have derived the epithet of 

 clastici from their having been originally elected 

 by the centuries. At first they were only two in 

 number, but in 421 B.C. two more were added. 

 Shortly after the breaking out of the first Punic 

 war the number was increased to eight ; and as 

 province after province was added to the Roman 

 Republic they amounted in the time of Sulla to 

 twenty, and in the time of Ciesar to tarty. On its 

 first institution the qun-storship (ouorr) was 

 open only to patricians ; but after 421 B.C. plebeians 

 also became eligible. 



Qliagga (Ki/mis or Axiium quagga), one of 

 the three species of striped wild horses, or more 

 properly wild asses, peculiar to Africa, of which 

 the zebra is the type. Formerly found in profusion 

 south of the Vaal River, beyond which its range 

 seldom extended, it is believed to be now ignite 

 extinct. The illustration represents the last animal 

 of n- species owned by the Zoological Society ; it 





Arinoi Quagga. 

 ( From a Photograph by Memn York & Son, London.) 



was sent from the Cape by Sir George Grey in 

 1858. The quagga was a handsome animal, more 

 strongly built than the mountain zebra and Itur 

 chell's /el mi. The upper parts of the body were dark 

 rufous brown, becoming gradually more fulvous, 

 and fading to white at the rump and ventral surface, 

 the dorsal line ilnrk and broad, widening over the 

 crupper. The head, neck, mane, and shoulders 

 were striped with dark brown, gradually waxing 

 fainter till lost Ix-hind the shoulder. It was usually 



