518 



QUAKERS 



QUARLES 



was created a baronet in 1891, anil died 13th 

 M.u.-h IK98. (4) SIK .Inns UK-MAUD IJI-AIN, 

 liorn Ht Mallow in 1H17, the half-brother of Jones 

 ami Kiehard Quain, was made a judge of tin- ( 'oiirt 

 I. -en'- ll.-n.-li in 1N7-J, and Justin- of tin- High 

 Court of Judicature in Is7">. Heilie<l 12tli Sentem 

 ber 1876. Along with II. Holroyd he published 

 The Kew Syttem of Common Law Procedure ( 1852). 



Quakers. See FRIENDS. 



Quantification of ill. Predicate, a 

 phrase belonging to Logic, and introduced by Sir 

 \V. Hamilton. According to the Aristotelian Logic, 

 propositions are div ide.1. according to their quii/ifi/, 

 into attinnative and negative, and, according to 

 their I,' "a nl, t y, into universal and particular 

 ('All men are mortal,' ' Some men live eighty 

 yean')- If we combine the two divisions we 

 obtain four kimls of propositions. Sir W. Hamil- 

 ton affirmed that the statement of the Quantity 

 of these various propositions is left incomplete; 

 only the subject of each has its quantity expressed 

 (au men, tome men, no men); while there is 

 implied or understood in every case a certain 

 quantity of the predicate. Thus, ' All men are 

 mortal, is not fully stated ; the meaning is, that 

 all men are a jxirt of mortal things, there being 

 ( possibly and probably ) other mortal things besides 

 men. Let this meaning be expressed, and we have 

 a complete proposition to this effect : ' All men 

 are tome (or part of) mortals,' where quantity is 

 assigned, not only to the subject, but also to the 

 predicate. The first result of stating the quantity 

 of the predicate is to give eight kinds of proposi- 

 tion- instead of four ; the next result is to modify 

 the process called the Conversion of Propositions. 

 Limitation (All A is B, some B is A) is resolved 

 into simple conversion, or mere transposition of 

 premise- without further change. 'All A is some 

 B;' 'Some B is all A.' 



The multiplication of varieties of propositions is 

 attended with the further consequence of greatly 

 increasing the number of syllvgtxmt, or forms of 

 deductive reasoning (see SYLLOGISM). In the 

 scholastic logic, as usually expounded, there are 

 nineteen such forms, distributed under four figures 

 (four in the first, four in the second, six in the 

 third, five in the fourth). l!\ ringing the changes 

 on eight sorts of propositions, instead of the old 

 unrulier, four, tfurty-nx valid syllogisms can l>e 

 formed in the first figure. Whether the increase 

 serves any practical object is another question. 

 Sir \V. Hamilton also considered that the new 

 system led to 11 simplification of the fundamental 

 laws of the syllogism. 



Professor l)e Morgan also invented and carried 

 out into great detail a plan of expressing the 

 quantity of the predicate. It should be noted that 

 in the Contem/Kirary Review of 1873 Professor 

 .II-MIIIS, following Mr Herbert Spencer, recognised 

 the fart that the discovery of the quantification of 

 the predicate, regarded by him as the most fruitful 

 discover}' in abstract logical science since the time 

 of Aristotle, was fully contained in George Hen 

 tham's Outline* of a New System of Logic. This 

 work was published in 1827, and reviewed by Sir 

 W. Hamilton in the Kilinlntrif/i Itrru u\ long ere 

 he himself published anything on the doctrine of 

 quantiliration. Boole's system of logic was based 

 on his doctrine of quanti'fication of tin- predicate. 

 See Jevons's Logic ; Itowcn's Tret it use on Logic 

 (Cambridge, U.S., 1866). 



QiiantorkN. See SOMKKSKTSIIIRE. 



Quarantine (from the Kr. quamntaine, 'a 

 l-nod of forty days') is a forced abstinence from 

 communication with the shore which ships are 

 compelled to undergo when they are last from some 

 port or country where certain diseases held to be 



infectious, as yellow fever, plague, or cholera, are 

 or have been raging. \Vhere a quarantine is 

 established it is a punishable offence for any 

 person in the suspected ship to come on shore, or 

 for anv one to disembark any merchandise or goods 

 from her. except at lazarettos, which are estab- 

 lishment* provided for the reception of goods or 

 passengers or crew, and where such purifying pro- 

 cesses as the sanitary science of the time prescril>es 

 are applied. Prolonged quarantine in boa quarters 

 is apt to produce new diseases in typhus, \c. 

 Until a ship is discharged from quarantine she 

 exhibits a yellow flag at the niainmasthead if she 

 has a clean bill of health, and a yellow flag with 

 a black spot if not clean ; at night a white light 

 is exhibited at the same place. The permit to 

 hold intercourse after performing quarantine is 

 called Pratique. Quarantine is not of necessity 

 limited to a sea-frontier ; and it is enforced at the 

 frontiers between contiguous states. History de- 

 clares quarantine regulations for maritime inter- 

 course to have been first established by the 

 Venetians in 1127 A.D. ; but the practice must 

 have been greatly older on land-frontiers ; and the 

 precautions of the Jews against leprosy indicate 

 that a species of quarantine was enforced by them. 

 The law for regulating quarantine in Britain is 

 6 Geo. IV. chap. 78, amended by 29, 30 Viet. 

 chap. 90 ; power to proclaim any place subject to 

 quarantine and prescrilie regulations being vested 

 in the Privy-council. See BILL OF HEALTH. 



QliarleS* FRANCIS, a minor religious poet, 

 belonged to a good Essex family, and was born at 

 the manor-house of Stewards near Itomford in 

 1592, being baptised on 8th May. He studied 

 at Christ's College, Cambridge, and at Lincoln's 

 Inn, and was successively cup-ln-arer to the 

 Princess Elizabeth, secretary to the famous 

 Archbishop Ussher, and, like Middleton and 

 Ben Jonson, Chronologer to the city of London 

 (1639). He married in 1618 a wife who bore 

 him eighteen children, and penned shortly after 

 his death a touching short memoir, prefixed 

 to Solomons Recantation (1645). (Juarles was a 

 bigoted royalist and churchman, sutl'ered losses 

 and calumny in the cause, and died 8th Septemlx>r 

 1644. He wrote abundantly lioth in prose and 

 verse, and his book- were extraordinarily popular 

 in their day. Nor are his Divine Emblems and 

 Enchiridion entirely unworthy of their reputation. 

 1'ope's lines in the Dunciad are familiar to every 

 one : 



Or where the picture* for the page atone, 

 And Quarlet is saved for beauties not his own. 



But the clever gibe is not entirely justifiable, for 

 the Emblems, in spite of verbose and dull if edify- 

 ing moralising, helpless bad taste, not infrequent 

 bathos, and ever present monotony, shows wealth 

 of fancy, excellent good sense, felicity of expression, 

 and occasionally a bright though intermittent Hash 

 of the true poetic lire. And the Km-liiridion, a 

 collection of short essays and meditations, affords 

 many an example of compact and aphoristic 

 prose, while its antithesis and word-play are often 

 effective and sometimes fine. 



His poetical works include A Fetutfor TPorme(1620); 

 Hait'itta, or the Hittorv of Qurrnr Kttrr ( 1621 ) ; Aninltu 

 'mil I'arlhenin, hi* only lung poem not directly religion! 

 (written apparently about 1622; first extant ed. 1629): 

 .sVow Kleiiiei toept by Jrremie the Prophet ( 1624 ) ; lob 

 Militant ( 1624 ) ; Siont Sonett fun/7 by Solomon the King 

 1162ft); Jtiviiic Poem*, a collection containing many 

 poem* printed before (1630); The Hixtiirie of Sammii 

 (1631); various Elegiacal Poemt ( between Hi:tn.o>,l 1640); 

 Faneiri : Digested into Kpiyramma, Meditation*, 

 anil Obterrationt (1632); the famous KmMrmn (1635). 

 t which were added in 1638 fftfarwdpM** / '*' Life of 

 M'in ; Solomon' i Recantation ( 1645) ; and The Sfir/Jttardt 



