QUEBEC 



QUEEN 



525 



river. Quebec is the most important military 

 position in Canada. The citadel occupies an area 

 of 40 acres, and commands a magnificent view. 

 The harbour is spacious, and the docks and tidal 

 basin are perfect specimens of engineering skill. On 

 the Levis side of the river is the extensive graving- 

 dock. The city is divided into an Upper and 

 Lower Town. In the latter are situated the banks, 

 warehouses, and wholesale and retail stores. In 

 the Upper Town are the principal residences, public 

 buildings, churches, gardens, and retail shops. 

 Towards the west are the thriving suburbs of St 

 John, St Louis, and St Roch's. The last named 

 has become a place of commercial importance, 

 with its immense warehouses and stores. To the 

 south-west of St John are the Plains of Abraham, 

 the historic battlefield, where a column 40 feet 

 high has been erected to the memory of General 

 Wolfe. Another monument, 65 feet high, dedicated 

 to Wolfe and Montcalm, is situated in the 

 Governor's Garden, and immediately overlooks the 

 St Lawrence. On the Ste Foye Road is an iron pillar 

 crowned by a bronze statue, commemorating the 

 deeds of the British and French under Murray and 

 Levis in 1760. There is a shaft also to the memory 

 of Cartier and the Jesuit Brebeuf. In 1898 a 

 statue to Champlain (q.v. ), founder of the city, was 

 unveiled by Lord Aberdeen. In the Upper Town 

 is Diifferin Terrace, 1400 feet long, commanding 

 a noble view. The Grand Battery is also pictur- 

 esquely situated. Three handsome modern gates 

 have replaced the old gates. The principal edifices 

 are the parliamentary and departmental buildings, 

 court-house, post-office, custom-house, city hall, 

 masonic hall, basilica, the archiepixcopal palace, 

 the Anglican Cathedral, Church Hall, and Young 

 Men's Christian Association building. Laval Uni- 

 versity, named after the first Roman Catholic 

 bishop of Quebec, who in 1663 founded the semin- 

 ary, is an important institution, holding two 

 charters, one from Queen Victoria (1852) and the 

 other from Pope Pius IX. The building is spacious, 

 well equipped, and contains a library of 90,000 

 volumes, a museum and art gallery, laboratory, 

 &c. The faculties are theology, law, medicine, and 

 arts. At the Grand Seminary theology is taught ; 

 the minor seminary is devoted to literature and 

 philosophy. Other Roman Catholic halls of 

 instruction are Laval Normal and Model School, 

 the Ursuline Convent, the Convent of the Good 

 Shepherd, and several nunneries. Morrin College, 

 Presbyterian, is affiliated with M'Gill University. 

 The principal benevolent institutions are the 

 Marine Hospital, the Jeffrey Hale Hospital, the 

 H6tel Dieu, the Finlay Asylum, Church of England 

 Female Orphan Asylum, Ladies' Protestant Home, 

 St Bridget g Asylum, the Grey Nunnery, and the 

 lunatic asylum at Beauport. Fight daily news- 

 papers are published, five in the French language. 

 The supply of water is continuous and good, and 

 comes from Lake St Charles. The city is lighted 

 with gas and electricity, the power for the Tatter 

 being afforded by the Falls of Montmorency, 9 miles 

 distant. 



Quebec is connected with all the cities in 

 America by various lines of railway, and is at 

 the head of ocean steamship navigation to 

 Europe. Shipbuilding has fallen off considerably 

 of late years. The principal manufactures are 

 worsted goods, iron-castings, machinery, cartridges, 

 cutlery, nails, leather, musical instruments, boots 

 and shoes, paper, tobacco, steel, &c. The chief 

 exports are timber and lumber. The city lias 

 suffered from disastrous fires, which have fed to 

 improvement by the re-erection of liner buildings. 

 The city elects three members to the dnadian House 

 of Commons and three memliers to theQiiebec House 

 of Assembly. Quebec is tlie seat of the Roman 



Catholic cardinal-archbishop and the see of the 

 Anglican bishop. It was originally called Stada- 

 cone, and was visited by Cartier in 1535. In July 

 1608 Champlain founded the town and gave it its 

 present name. It continued to be the centre of 

 French trade and civilisation, as well as of the 

 Roman Catholic missions in North America, till 

 1759, \vhen it fell into the hands of the British 

 (see WOLFE). In 1763 it was ceded to Great 

 Britain by the treaty of Paris. Pop. (1852) 42,052 ; 

 (1881) 62,446; (1891) 63,090; in 1889 to the city 

 proper was annexed the suburb of St Sauveur, with 

 its population of 15,000. 



Quebracho is the bark of Aspidosperma 

 quebracho ( natural order Apocynacece), which grows 

 in the Argentine Republic. It has a slightly bitter 

 taste, and contains a number of active principles, 

 of which the most important is aspidospermine. 

 Both the bark and aspidospermine act like quinine 

 in lowering the temperature in some cases of fever. 

 They promote secretion from the kidneys, intestinal 

 and salivary glands, and relieve dyspnoea or asthma 

 of functional origin. The bark is taken in doses of 

 five to eight grains, aspidospermine in doses of one 

 grain, per day. 



<) ll <M! all, or KEDAH, a state on the west side 

 of the Malay Peninsula, with an area of 3600 

 sq. m. and a pop. of 30,000, nominally subject to 

 Siam. The capital, from which the state takes its 

 name, has about 8000 inhabitants. 



Quedlinlmrg, a town of Prussia, at the 

 northern base of the Harz Mountains, 56 miles 

 by rail SE. of Brunswick. Founded by Henry 

 the Fowler in 924, it is still in part surrounded 

 by a wall flanked with towers. On an eminence 

 overlooking the town stands the castle, which 

 prior to the Reformation was the residence of 

 the abbesses of Quedlinburg, who were inde- 

 pendent princesses of the empire, and had a vote 

 in the diet, and other privileges. The castle 

 chapel contains monumental tombs of Henry I., 

 his wife Matilda, and the Countess of Konigsmark. 

 Here Klopstock and Karl Ritter were born. The 

 town has manufactures of sugar, wire goods, and 

 farinaceous foods, and gardening is prosecuted on 

 an extensive scale. Pop. ( 1890) '20,761. 



Queen (A.S. civtn, 'a woman," cognate with 

 Dutch hreen, Ice. kvdn, Gr. gyne, Sansk. jani), in 

 its primary signification, the King's consort, who 

 has in all countries been invested with privileges 

 not belonging to other married women. The 

 English queen, unlike other wives, can make a 

 grant to ner husband, and receive one from him. 

 She can sue and be sued alone, and purchase land 

 without the kind's concurrence. The Statute of 

 Treasons makes it treason to compass her death, 

 or to violate her chastity, even with her consent, 

 and the queen consenting is herself guilty of 

 treason. If accused of treason, the queen is tried 

 by the peers of the realm. The queen-consort is 

 exempt from paying toll, and from amercements in 

 any court. She has a Household (q.v.) of her own. 

 It lias been the usual practice to crown the queen- 

 consort with solemnities similar to those used in 

 the coronation of the king. In the case of Queen 

 Caroline, consort of George IV., who was living 

 apart from her husband, this was not done. Certain 

 rents or revenues were anciently appropriated to 

 tlie income of the queen, but no separate revenues 

 seem ever to have been settled on any queen-consort 

 by parliament. Her personal expenses are defrayed 

 from the king's privy purse. 



The queen-dowager is the widow of the deceased 

 king. She retains most of the privileges which 

 she enjoyed as queen-consort, nor does she lose 

 her dignity by re-marriage ; but it has been held 

 that no one can marry the queen-dowager without 



