QUEEN'S METAL 



QUESNAY 



529 



passed to discourage the influx of Polynesian o 

 Chinese labour (see COOLIES), the cost of culti 

 vation increased. Proposals have been made fo 

 establishing separate northern and central colonies 

 and for dividing the colony into three provinces 

 The Federal Enabling Bill (for the federation o 

 all the Australian colonies ; see AUSTRALIA ) passec 

 both houses of the Legislature in 1899. 



See H. S. Russell, The Genesis of Queensland 1 1888) 

 A. C. Grant, Bush Life in Queensland ( 1881 ) ; J. Bon- 

 wick, The Reitmrces of Queensland (1880); Arthur 

 Nicholls, Wild Life and Adventure in the Bush ; Hand- 

 book for Emigrants to Queensland, published by authority 

 of the Agent General ; Queensland, its Institutions anc 

 Resources, prepared for the Colonial Exhibition (1886); 

 and for the aborigines. Luiuholtz, Among CannibaU 

 (1889). 



Queen's Metal, a kind of Britannia Metal 

 (q.v.). 



Queen's Tobacco-pipe, the facetious desig- 

 nation of a peculiarly shaped kiln which used to 

 be situated at the corner of the Tobacco Ware- 

 houses belonging to the London Docks. The kiln 

 consisted of a circular brick stalk, bulging out at 

 the bottom to a width of five feet inside. In the 

 interior were piled up damaged tobacco and cigars, 

 and contraband goods, such as tobacco, cigars, tea, 

 silk, &c., which had been smuggled, books which 

 were attempted evasions of the Copyright Act, &c., 

 till a sufficient quantity had accumulated, when 

 the whole was set fire to and consumed. The total 

 value of the goods thus destroyed was enormous ; 

 and, though this wanton destruction was often 

 censured, government continued till recent years 

 periodically to fill and light the 'Queen's Pipe.' 

 Sfi/.ed goods are now distributed to inmates ol 

 public institutions or sold at ' custom sales,' though 

 worthless stuff is still burned. 



Qucenstown, a seaport of Ireland, on the 

 south side of Great Island, in the harbour of Cork, 

 by rail 12 miles SE. of the city of Cork and 177 SW. 

 of Dublin. Its original name was Cove of Cork ; 

 the present name commemorates the visit of Queen 

 Victoria in 1849. The town is built in parallel 

 streets on the slopes of a hill shaped like an amphi- 

 theatre. It enjoys a high reputation for its mild and 

 salubrious climate. The splendid Roman Catholic 

 cathedral for Cloyne diocese is the principal build- 

 ing. Queenstown is an important port of call, the 

 mails from the United States Ijeing landed here 

 and sent overland by rail to Dublin; while the 

 British mails are in part taken on board here. 

 Its climate is good, and it is a bathing resort. 

 Pop. ( 1871 ) 10,334 ; ( 1881 ) 9755 ; ( 1891 ) 9123. 



Queen's Town stands on an arm of the Klaas 

 Smite Kiver in the east of Cape Colony, 154 miles 

 by rail N. bv W. of East London anil 205 miles 

 N E. of Port Elizabeth. Pop. 500. 



Qlielpart, an island 60 miles off the south 

 coast of Corea, about 40 miles long by 17 broad. 

 It is rock-bound and mountainous, the volcanic 

 Mount Auckland being 6500 feet high. It has 

 fertile soil and good timber, and is populous. 



Quercitron, the name Iwtli of a dyestuff and 

 of the species of oak of which it is the bark. This 

 oak (Quercus coccinea, var. tinrtoria), also called 

 Dyer's Oak and Yellow-barked Oak, is a native of 

 North America one of the noblest forest trees of 

 the United States, found in New England, and as 

 far south as Georgia, although there only at a 

 considerable elevation. For the dyestuff, see DYE- 

 ixn, Vol. IV. p. 139. 



Qlirrltaro, an important town of Mexico, 

 rental of Qneretaro state (see MEXICO), is charm- 

 ingly situated on a hilly plateau, 6273 feet above 

 sea-level, 153 miles by rail NW. of Mexico city. 

 Jt contains a government palace, a cathedral, an 

 398 



aqueduct supported in part upon arches 90 feet 

 high, and two large cotton-spinning mills, employ- 

 ing 2300 hands. Here the Emperor Maximilian 

 was shot by order of a court-martial, 19th June 

 1867. Pop. 36,000. 



Quern, a primitive mill for grinding corn, the 

 stone of which was turned by the hand. It is a 

 contrivance of great antiquity, and so well adapted 

 for the wants of a primitive people, that we find it 

 perpetuated to the present day in remote districts 

 of Ireland and some parts of the Hebrides and 

 Shetlands. The remains of querns have been dug 

 up in Britain, Ireland, and continental Europe 

 wherever the traces of ancient population are found. 

 They occur in the Scottish Earth-houses (q.v.), or 

 cyclopean underground dwellings; in the lake- 

 dwellings of Ireland, Scotland, and Switzerland ; 

 and abundantly among the remains of the Roman 

 period in Britain and northern Europe. The most 

 usual form of quern consists of two circular Hat 

 stones, the upper one pierced in the centre with a 

 narrow funnel, and revolving on a wooden or metal 

 pin inserted in the lower. The upper stone is occa- 

 sionally ornamented with various devices ; in the 

 Roman period it is sometimes funnel-shaped, with 

 grooves radiating from the centre. In using the 

 quern, the grain was dropped with one hand into 

 the central opening, while with the other the 

 upper stone was revolved by means of a stick, 

 inserted in a small opening near the edge. As 

 early as 1284 an effort was made by the Scottish 

 legislature to supersede the quern by the water- 

 mill, which did not, however, prevent hand-mills 

 from being largely used in Scotland down to the 

 beginning of the 19th century. Probably the oldest 

 British type of quern is that, which was fashioned 

 from a section of oak. A less simple variety of 

 the hand-quern, known as the Pot Quern, and also 

 of great antiquity, consists of a circular stone basin, 

 with a hole through which the meal or Hour escapes, 

 and a smaller circular stone fitting into it, perfor- 

 ated with an opening through which the gram was 

 thrown into the mill. 



See Sir Daniel Wilson's Archeology and Prehistoric 

 Annals of Scotland (1863), and Sir Arthur Mitchell's 

 The Past in the Present (1880). 



Qnesnay, FRANCOIS, a great French economist, 

 was born at Merey, near Montfort-rAmaiiry, June 

 4, 1694, studied medicine and surgery at Paris, and 

 in 1718 commenced practice at Mantes. He acquired 

 a high reputation in his profession, and at his death 

 on 14th December 1774 was first physician to the 

 king. But the fame of the ' European Confucius,' 

 as he was called by his followers, depends upon his 

 speculations in political economy, in the pages of 

 Jie famous Encydopedie (articles 'Fermiers' and 

 'Grains') and various serials. Around him and 

 lis friend, M. de Gournay, gathered the famous 

 group of the 'conomistes, also called the Physio- 

 iratic School (q.v.; and see POLITICAL ECONOMY, 

 t >. 288 ). Quesnay's views were systematically set 

 brlli in a little treatise, entitled Tableaux ficono- 

 ii ii/ ncs. Only a few copies of this work were 

 >rinted about" the end of the year 1758, and these 

 lave now all disappeared ; yet the principles 

 naintained by Quesnay are well known, both 

 roni the sources above mentioned, and from other 

 realises thai have mel with a better fate his 

 Ulaximes Genfrales du Gouvernement ticonomique 

 d'un Boyaume Agricole, the notes lo which occupy 

 more space than the text; Le Droit Naturel, m- 

 luded in the Physiocratie of Dupont de Nemours ; 

 Analyse du Tableau conomique; Problemes Hcono- 

 tiques; and Dialogues sur le Commerce et stir let 

 Travaux des A rtisans collected in Oncken's edition 

 if his (Euvres Economiques et philosophiques ( Frank- 

 ort, 1888). 



