QUE8NEL 



QUEVEDO VILLEGA8 



((ursnrl. PASQUIKR, a French theologian, was 

 born at Paru, July 14, 1634, and, after a di-tin 

 gui-hed course in tin- Sorlioniic, entered tlip Con 

 gregmtion of the Oratory ' !&'>' *" K"'"' w hi 



reputation for learning and piety that at the ag 

 of twenty-eight he was appointed dire<-tor of Mi 

 Paris house of his Congregation. It was for tl 

 use of the young men under his care that he com 

 menced the celebrated series Rrflexums Monties su 

 le .VoumiN Testament. In 16/5 he published an 

 edition of the works of Leo the (ircut, which in 

 the notes was held to maintain Galliuonisni (see 

 G.VM.ICAN ClU'Krn i. and was accordingly placet 

 on the Indtjr. Having refused to sulmcrilte the 

 formulary condemnatoiy of .lan-eni-m required by 

 a decree of 1684 from all members of the Oratory 

 i/uesnel saw himself compelled to flee to the Low 

 Countries, where he attached himself to Arnauld. 

 He continued at Brussels his Reflexions, whicl 

 were published in a complete form, with the 

 approval of the Cardinal de Noailles, Bishop ol 

 ilons, and ultimately Archhi-hop of Pari- 

 (1693-94). The Jesuit* were unceasing in their 

 malignant hostility, and Quesnel was denounced an- 

 flung into prison, but escaped to Holland. His hook 

 was finally condemned in 101 several propositions 

 by the celebrated butj Uiiiyeiiitu* ( 171.'! ). (Juesne 

 spent his last years in Amsterdam, where he died 

 December 2, 1719. A complete list of his many 

 books will be found in Moreii'- !>,</. Hut. His 

 Letters were edited by Le Courayer ( 1721-23). For 

 the later history of Jansenism, see Seche, Let 

 Derniers Janttnistes ( 1891 ). 



Qnltelet, LAMBERT ADOLPHE JACQUES, 

 celebrated Belgian statistician and astronomer, 

 was born at Ghent, '2^,1 February 1796, and studied 

 at the lyceum of his native city. Here at eighteen 

 he began to teach mathematics, and five years 

 later was appointed to this chair at the Bni-sels 

 Athena>um. He sii|>erintended the building of the 

 Royal Olwervatory, and liecame its director in 

 1828, while in 1836 he accepted the chair of Astro- 

 nomy and Geodesy at the Brussels Military School. 

 From 1834 he was perpetual secretary of the 

 Belgian Royal Academy. He died 17th 'February 

 1874. His scientific work lay mostly in the regions 

 of meteorology and statistics relating to anthro- 

 pology. His greatest book is .S'r I' Homing et le 

 DeveToppemeni de te* Facultet (1835), in which he 

 sums up his researches on the physical and intel- 

 lectual qualities of man. Both in'this and in later 

 work in the Bulletin de In Coininitsuin I 'rut rule de 

 Statittique, in I'Antfiropometrn-, mi .!/, *,, r e ties iliffe- 

 rentet Facultet de I'Homme (In; I), and in other 

 books and pa|>ers he shows the use that may be 

 made of the theory of proliabilities, as applied to 

 the 'average man' at times carrying out that 

 method so as to arrive at a mechanical precision 

 not justified by facts, and reji-cted by later writers 

 on mind lUtUtics.' Qnetelet'l contributions to 

 meteorology, astronomy, terrestrial magnetism. 

 &C., in the Mniniirfu and linllilin.i of the Belgian 

 .tl Academy, were numerous and important. 

 See Mailly's haaii *>,r In Vie et let Tntiviux de 

 Qnttelet ( IM7.'> ), and \Volow-ki's Kl, H jr. ( Is;., ,. 



<|lielt, known locally as Shalkot, a town near 

 the north fionli.-r of lieluchi.tan, strategically 

 ini|>ortant as commanding the Bolan Pass and the 

 I'ishin Valley. Sine.. IssT it has IM-CII connected 

 with the. Indian railway system, and since 1S77 

 'Jiietta antl it district have IHHMI administered by 

 liiiti-li nllicem ; it is now the headquarters of the 

 Britisli agent in liehichi-tan. nnd of a considerable 

 military force, and is strongly fortilicd. The valley 

 i fertile, well watered, and populous. Coal anil 

 petroleum were discovered in 



Quetzal. See TROOON. 



Qnetzalroatl. See MEXICO, Vol. vil. p. 169. 



Qllrl/.all4'liail|IO, the seeon.l city of (iuate- 

 nialu. the capital of a department (if the same 

 name, is on the Si^nila, ii.1 mile.- \\ . l,\ \ 

 (Guatemala city. It contains an onmte chnnli 

 handsomest government buildings in the repnl.lie. 

 a national college, and a oonsei \ atoire. The ntreet* 

 are lit with the electric light ; the houses are built 

 of a light-brown lava from the (Vrro (.iii.'inailo 

 (Burnel Mountain'), which overhangs the city. 

 Qiielzoltenango is the centre of the tia.le in native 

 cloths. Its port is Champerico, on the Pacific, from 

 whence a railway extends inland to Retalhulen 

 (27 miles). Pop. 20,000, mostly Indians. 



Quevedo Villcuas. I'I:ANCISCH CUMK/ HE, 

 was born at Madrid in 1580. His father was 

 secretary to the queen and his mother one of her 

 la<lies in waiting. The Quevedos were one of the 

 old families of the Montana, the mountain n-gii.n 

 Iwtween Burgos and Santander. The name was no 

 doubt derived from a place on the lle-aya Iliver, 



but the punning motto of the scntcl n on their 



house in the adjacent Toranzo valley, ' I am he- 

 who stopped el qne ved6 the advance of the 

 Moors,' expressed the family tradition, and, like 

 Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Calderon, and other- ..t 

 the race, Quevedo was not a little proud of an 



ancestry that claimed a share in MCI ing (he 



tide of Moslem conquest. Villegas was the name 

 of his grandmother's family, another of the Kami- 

 mountain stock. He was left an orphan at an early 

 age, and sent by his guardian to the univprsitx 

 of A leal. i, from which he came away with sneii 

 a name for varied scholarship that he may be -aid 

 to have entered upon life with a reputation ready 



made. Apparently a quiet, studious, i litative- 



life would have been his own choice, but chance 

 ordered it otherwise for him. The fatal issue of a 

 duel, brought about by his chivalrous champion- 

 ship of a woman who had been insulted in his 

 presence, drove him in 1611 to the court of his 

 friend the Duke of Oasuna, the new viceroy of 

 Sicily ; and he, perceiving in Quevedo, poet, 

 scholar, and bookworm as he was, the capacities. 

 >f an able administrator and diplomatist, made 

 liim his right hand man, and kept him constantly 

 employed in confidential missions to Home, Milan, 

 Genoa, and Venice, and when promoted to the 

 vice-royalty of Naples, chose him as his minister 

 of finance, an office in which Quevedo's success- 

 was only equalled by his integrity. 



He was involved in the fall of Ossuna in 1619, 

 ind kept in prison for a time, but there was in 

 : act nothing to tax him with except tidclity, and 

 lie was permitted to retire to La Torre de Juan 

 Vbad, a small estate of his in the Sierra Morena; 

 le was allow I'd, however, to return to Madrid in 

 li'-'.'i. and became a persona grata at the court of 

 'tulip IV. In 1626 he published his most important 

 vork, the Polilica dr, Dios, sketched probably in 

 laly, but put into shape during his banishment. 

 ie had l>een for ten years liehiml the scenes, and 

 >ad watched the working of one-man rule in its 

 voi.st form under the autocracy of the Duke of 

 .erma, and in the I'n/itirti he made an earnest and 

 loquent appeal to the king to be a king, not in 

 tame only, but in fact. 'The heart of the king," 

 le said, 'must be in no hand but (;ods.' Possibly 

 I would never have seen the light had Philip 

 V. iM-en true to the promise of his youth : hut 

 e soon grew weary of governing, and left it to 

 Itivares, nnd so long as olivnres remained in 

 wwer Quevedo's liook continue,! to be a popular 

 ne. In 1628 he followed up his attack on govern 

 lent by favourites in an apologue entitled Hell 

 formed. He remained, however, on friendly 

 srms with Olivares ; and if honours and high. 



