RADCLIFFE 



RADIATION 



547 



to writing to pass the time when alone, and as 

 early as 1789 published The Castles of Athlin ant 

 Dunbayne, which was followed by A Sicilia 

 Romance (1790), The Romance of the Forest (1791 

 The Mysteries of Udolpho ( 1794 ), and The Italia, 

 (1797). For the last she received 800; for its 

 predecessor, 500. From this time she published 

 no more novels' like an actress in full possession 

 of her applauded powers,' says Scott, 'she chose 

 retreat from the stage in the full blaze of her fame. 

 She travelled with her husband abroad and all ove 

 England and Wales, and the jottings in her journa 

 show how keen an eye she had for natural scenery 

 and how carefully she got up her castles and ruiuet 

 abbeys. She was a modest and amiable woman 

 who did not publish herself nor sink the gentle 

 woman in the writer. So little was she known to 

 the public that in her own lifetime there was 

 widely current an absurd story that her mind ha( 

 Driven way under the horrors evoked by her imagina 

 tion. She suffered for twelve years from asthma 

 ami died 7th February 1823. A sixth romance 

 Huston de Blondeville, with a metrical tale, 'Si 

 Alban's Abbey,' and other poems, and a short life 

 was published in 1826. 



As a novelist Mrs Radcliffe stands in time 

 l>etween Horace Walpole and Clara Keeve on the 

 one hand and Sir Walter Scott on the other. She 

 was mistress of every art of awakening the curiosity 

 and enchaining the attention of a reader, and she 

 displays great artistic power in the atmosphere ol 

 majestic- gloom and mystery in which she enwraps 

 her figures. She knew well how to make use of 

 forest solitudes and every aspect of external nature 

 MgMtire of terror, but she ever failed lamentably 

 in the conclusion of her stories by resolving the 

 seemingly supernatural effects of the preceding 

 pages into simple natural causes which the reader 

 resent* as inadequate. Further, her figures are 

 mere shadows, without touch of reality, and her 

 pages are unrelieved by ever a gleam of humour or 

 even wit. But she was dear to our grandfathers, 

 dearer still to our grandmothers; Crabb Robinson 

 preferred her stories to Waverley ; and so sagacious 

 a writer as Dunlop could write, ' life has few 

 better things than sitting at the chimney-corner 

 in a winter evening and reading such absurdities.' 



See .Sir Walter Scott's Biofiraphical Notice* of Eminent 

 ffmtlitU, and Julia Kavanagh's Englith Women of 

 Letters (2 vo\s. 1863). 



Radcliffe, Jonx, physician, was born at Wake- 

 field in Yorkshire, in 1650, and studied at Oxford, 

 pMdog M.A in 1672, and M. B. in 1675. Begin- 

 ning practice, he immediately made himself con- 

 spicuous by the originality of his ideas, claiming to 

 tnke nature for his guide, and in less than two 

 y-ars was on the high road to celebrity. In 1682 

 lie liecame M.D., and in 1684 removed to London, 

 where he soon became the most popular physician 

 of his time. It is said that his conversational 

 powers, ready wit, and pleasantry contributed to 

 this result quite as much as his professional skill. 

 In 1686 the Princess Anne of Denmark made 

 him her physician ; and after the Revolution 

 he was sent for by King William. In 1694 

 lie was called upon to attend Queen Mary, 

 when attacked by the smallpox, and did what 

 lie could to save her, but in vaiu. In 1713 he 

 was elected M.P. for Buckingham. He had a 

 country-house at Carshalton, and here he was 

 living in 1714 when Queen Anne was attacked with 

 what proved to be her last illness. Dr Radcliffe 

 was summoned to attend her; but he was ailing, 

 and either would not or could not come. The 

 '(iii-en died in August; and the populace were so 

 enraged against Dr Radcliffe that he dared not 

 again show his face in London. He must have 

 been really ill when sent for to the queen ; he died 



of apoplexy at Carshalton on 1st November 1714, 

 and was buried at Oxford in St Mary's Church. 

 He bequeathed the bulk of his large property to 

 public uses, leaving 40,000 for the erection of the 

 Radcliffe Library, whose books were mostly taken 

 in 1861 to the University Museum ; while the build- 

 ing now serves as a reading-room for the Bodleian 

 (q.v.). Other bequests were made to University 

 College and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. 



Kadelyffe. See DERWENTWATER, 



Raddle. See REDDLE. 



Radetzky, JOHANN JOSEPH, COUNT, an Aus- 

 trian field-marshal, was born at Tzrebnitz Castle 

 near Tabor in Bohemia, on 2d November 1766. 

 Entering the Austrian army in 1784, he made his 

 first campaign against the Turks in 1788-89, and 

 afterwards fought in nearly all the wars waged 

 between the Austrians and the French, especially 

 distinguishing himself at the battles of the Trebbia, 

 Novi, Hohenlinden, Wagram, and as Schwarzen- 

 berg's chief of the staff at Leipzig. In 1831 he 

 was sent to take command of the Austrian forces in 

 the Lombardo- Venetian territories, and five years 

 later was made field-marshal. When the people of 

 Lombardy rose in revolt against Austrian rule in 



1848 Radetzky, an old man of eighty-two, after 

 five days' street fighting, was driven out of Milan. 

 Concentrating in Verona and Mantua, he proved 

 the chief mainstay of the House of Hapsburg during 

 the 'year of revolutions.' Nevertheless he was 

 defeated by the king of Sardinia at Goito on the 

 Mincio, when marching to the relief of Peschiera, in 

 May. Peschiera capitulated immediately after- 

 wards. Having received heavy reinforcements, 

 Radetzky towards the end of July broke out of 

 Verona, routed the Sardinian-Piedmontese army at 

 Custozza, and on 6th August re-entered Milan. 

 Three days later an armistice was concluded, the 

 king of Sardinia abandoning all places east of the 

 Ticmo. On the resumption of hostilities in March 



1849 the Austrian general in a campaign of less 

 than a fortnight crossed the Ticino and almost 

 lestroyed the Piedmontese army at Novnra (23d 

 March). In the following August he compelled 

 Venice to surrender, it having been in revolt since 

 1848. After this Radetzky was appointed governor 

 of the Lombardo-Venetian territories, and ruled 



hem with an iron hand until the beginning of 1857. 



He died at Milan on 5th January 1858, and was 



juried at Metzdorf near Vienna. 



See his own Denkwfirdirtkntm (1887) and his Jlriefe 

 an Seine Torhter ( 1892), and lives or books about him by 

 Strack (1849), Schneidawind (1861), Schonhals (1858). 

 Trubetzkoi (1860), Kunz (1890), K. von Duncker < 1891), 

 Smolle, Krones, Crasser, Bancalari (1892), and Hiibner. 

 Une Anni'e de ma Vie ( 1891 ). 

 Radliaiinur, chief town of a protected state 



n Bombay Presidency, India, 150 miles NW. of 



Jaroda. It is surrounded with walls and encloses 



, fortified castle, the residence of the native prince. 

 Pop. 14,722. The state of Radhanpur has an area 



f 1150 sq. in. and a pop. of 98,129. 



Radiant Energy. See ENERGY. 



Radiant Matter. See VACUUM TUBES. 



Radiata, one of the four embranchemens into 

 .hich Cuvier (1812) divided the animal kingdom, 

 lie other three being Articulata, Mollusca, and 

 ^ertebrata. In the division Radiata Cuvier recog- 

 ised five classes viz. (1) the Echinodermata, (2) 

 he Entozoa (or Intestinal Worms), (3) tlie Aca- 

 sphfe (or Jelly-fish), (4) the Polypi (Hydroids and 

 olyzoa), and (5) the Infusoria (Rotifers and 

 'rotozoa). It is hardly necessary to say that this 

 xceedingly heterogeneous assemblage, or ' radiate 

 iob,' as Huxley termed it, is now broken up into 

 nmeroiiB distinct classes. 



Radiation. See HEAT. 



