RADIUS 



RAEBUKN 



549 



BO closely the Garden Radish as to suggest the 

 possibility that the latter may be but a cultivated 

 race of it. Radish is a well-known salad root, 

 much appreciated for its succulent roots with their 

 warm pungent taste. In this way the young and 

 tender leaves were also formerly used. The varie- 

 ties of radish in cultivation are extremely numerous, 

 but they are generally classed under the two heads 

 of Long-rooted and Turnip-rooted Radishes, the 

 roots of the former resembling the carrot in shape, 

 and the latter the turnip. The varieties differ very 

 much, not only in form of root, but in colour and 

 size, a red colour generally prevailing. Some of 

 the darker-coloured turnip- rooted radishes, such as 

 (lie black Spanish, grow to a large size under good 

 i-ultivation, and are grown in gardens chiefly for 

 ilieir usefulness in winter when the ordinary varie- 

 ties cannot be grown. Radishes are sown at differ- 

 ent seasons, and are generally used when young 

 and small. The root of the radish possesses demul- 

 cent, stimulant, and diuretic properties, and is 

 sometimes used in cases of atony, or of excessive 

 secretion of mucus by the organs of digestion or 

 the urinary organs. Radish-juice, mixed with 

 sugar-candy, is a popular and useful German 

 remedy for hoarseness and cough. Distinct from 

 both the varieties above named is the Oil Radish, 

 which has a slender scarcely fleshy root, a short 

 much-branched stem, and many -seeded pods. It 

 is cultivated in China for the oil of its seeds. 

 Another species of radish (B. caudatus), a native 

 of Japan, is there cultivated as an esculent. To 

 this genus l>elongs the Jointed Charlock of the 

 cornfields (R. raphanistritm), which has found its 

 way from Europe to North America, and is a 

 troublesome weed there also. The seeds, however, 

 may be advantageously crushed for oil. The Sea 

 Radish (R. maritimus) is a rarer British species, 

 the roots of which are of fine quality and great 

 pungency. 



Radius. See CIRCLE. 



Kadlf > , a Berkshire village, near the right bank 

 of the Thames, 5 miles S. of Oxford. The Bowyers' 

 seat here was in 1847 converted by Professor W. 

 Sf-well into a High Church public school St Peter's 

 College for 130 boarders. It has a fine chapel. 



Radnorshire, a border county of South Wales, 

 liipunded by the counties of Montgomery, Salop, 

 Hereford, Brecon, and Cardigan. Measuring 36 

 miles by 30, and 432 ><\. m. in area, it is the 

 tenth in size and twelfth in population of all the 

 twelve Welsh counties. The beautiful Wye traces 

 all the south-western and southern boundary, the 

 Teme the north-eastern ; and the surface generally 

 is hilly or mountainous, in the Forest of Radnor 

 attaining a maximum altitude of 2163 feet. Of 

 rlialf-a-dozen mineral springs, those of Llandrindod 

 are in most repute. The rocks are mainly Lower 

 Silurian, and the soils poor, less than half of the 

 total area being in tillage, whilst woods and plan- 

 tations cover nearly 8000 acres. The rearing of 

 stock is the principal industry. Radnorshire returns 

 'in'- member; and till 1885 another was returned 

 by the Radnor district of parliamentary boroughs 

 Cefnllys, Knighton, Knucklas, New Radnor, 

 Presteigne, and Rhayader. Pop. (1801) 19,135; 

 (1841) 25,458; (1881) 23,528; (1891) 21,791. See 

 Williams' History of Radnorshire (Tenby, 1858). 



Kadoill. an old but uninteresting town of 

 Poland, on a sub-tributary of the Vistula, 60 miles 

 8. of Warsaw. It is the seat of an active trade ; 

 dyeing is the most important industry. Pop. 

 12,402. The government has an area of 4768 sq. m. 

 and a |p. ( 1893) of 782,274. 



KailowitZ. JOSEPH VON. Prussian statesman, 

 born February 6, 1797, at Blankenburg, was the 

 ion of a nobleman of Hungarian descent, and in 



1813 entered the Westphalian army as an officer. 

 After the peace in 1815 he taught in the military 

 school of Cassel ; but in 1823 he entered the 

 Prussian service, and in 1830 became chief of the 

 general staff of artillery. By his marriage he 

 became connected with the Prussian aristocracy, 

 and soon became the leader of the anti-revolutionary 

 party. In 1836 Radowitz was sent as Prussian 

 military commissioner to the German Diet at 

 Frankfort, and held diplomatic posts at Carlsruhe, 

 Darmstadt, and Nassau. He was the confidant 

 and adviser of King Frederick- William IV. in his 

 endeavours to bring about a reform of the German 

 Diet. After the revolution of 1848 the endeavours 

 of Prussia to give a constitution to Germany, by 

 means of the alliance of the three kings, was prin- 

 cipally his work. He wrote several works, mainly 

 political, and died 25th December 1853. See Lives 

 by Frensdorff ( 1850 ) and Fischer ( 1874 ) ; and Hay- 

 ward's Bioff. and Crit. Essays ( 1st series, 1858). 



Rae, JOHN, Arctic traveller, was born in 

 Orkney in 1813, studied medicine at Edinburgh, 

 and went to Hudson Bay as doctor of the Com- 

 pany's ships. In 1845 he undertook an exploring 

 expedition, and in 1846-47 a more extensive one, 

 wintering in Repulse Bay. He was second under 

 Richardson in 1848 on a Franklin search voyage. 

 In 1853-54 he commanded an expedition that 

 proved King William's Land to be an island. In 

 his various journeys nearly 1800 miles were travelled 

 over for the first time. In 1860 he surveyed a 

 telegraph line to America by the Faroes and Ice- 

 land, and visited Greenland ; and in 1864 he made 

 a telegraph survey from Winnipeg across the Rocky 

 Mountains. He published reports of his expe- 

 ditious, and many geographical papers. Dr Rae, 

 who was LL.D., F.R.S., &c., died 24th July 1893. 



Raeburn, SIR HENRY, R.A., portrait- painter, 

 was born 4th March 1756, at Stockbridge, then a 

 village near Edinburgh, where his father was a 

 manufacturer and mill-owner. His parents died 

 when he was about six years old ; and he was 

 educated in George Heriot s Hospital, and appren- 

 ticed to James Gilliland, a goldsmith and jeweller 

 in the Parliament Close. While in this employment 

 his turn for art attracted the attention of David 

 Deuchar, the etcher and seal -engraver, who gave 

 him some instruction ; and he afterwards studied 

 under David Martin, producing at first water- 

 colour miniatures with such success that he was 

 soon able to devote himself exclusively to portrait- 

 ure in oils. A careful miniature of Deuchar, still 

 preserved, forms a curious example of Raeburn's 

 earliest style. At the age of twenty-two he married 

 one of his sitters, Ann Edgar, widow of Count 

 Leslie, a lady of means ; and, after practising his 

 art for a time in Edinburgh, he resolved to study 

 in Italy. In passing through London he visited 

 Reynolds, who received him kindly, recognisinj,' 

 his talent, and furnished him with introductions to 

 Pompeo Battoni and other leading painters in 

 Rome. After remaining two years in Italy he 

 returned and settled in Edinburgh in 1787, the 

 date of his fine portrait of the second Lord 

 President Dundas. He soon received full employ- 

 ment as a portrait-painter, and before long attained 

 acknowledged pre-eminence among the artists work- 

 ing in Scotland. In 1812 he was elected president 

 of the Society of Artists in Edinburgh ; in 1814 

 Associate of the Royal Academy, London ; and in 

 the following year full Academician. He was 

 knighted by George IV. during that monarch's visit 

 to Scotland in 1822, and was appointed king's 

 limner for Scotland a few days before his death in 

 Edinburgh on the 8th of July 1823. 



Raeburn's style was, to some extent, founded upon 

 that of Reynolds. Like Sir Joshua, he aimed at 



