050 



RAFF 



KAFFLESIA 



breadth of effect, a result attained by massing to- 

 gether the lights, and keeping them a far as poHsible 

 distinct from the shadow*, aiul so nuking each 

 respectively eirective ; but he attaints! lii- aim in a 

 manner and with a feeling that was characteristic 

 and original. He seldom attempted to produce 

 texture and luminosity of effect l>y thick imiiasto 

 and semi-transparent painting, but adopted the 

 opposite iiiiMlc of painting, in a low tone, with a 

 <-i i-|>. definite touch, working his colours with little 

 admixture of any unctuous medium. In its 

 decision and power of handling his style has been 

 justly compared to that of Velasquez. In lii- 

 portraits of men, in particular, the heads are most 

 vigorously modelled, and the characteristic expres- 

 sion is seized in a singularly simple, direct, and 

 effective manner; but wand Ua the seated 

 portrait of his wife and the portrait*) of the two 

 Misses Grant Suttie sufficiently prove that he 

 could portray the grace and dignity of comely 

 womanhood. His reputation, always high in his 

 native country, is becoming more widely spread, 

 and his works are now much sought after. Among 

 his sitters, who included almost all the celebrated 

 Scotsmen of his day, were Sir Walter Scott, Lord 

 Melville, Sir David Baird, Henry Mackenzie, Neil 

 Gow, Harry Erskine, Dugald Stewart, Principal 

 Robertson, Lord Jeffrey, and Lord Cockburn. 

 Technically one of his finest and most complete 

 product ions is the bust portrait of James VVardrop. 

 Exhibitions of his collected works were held in 

 Edinburgh in 1824 and 1876 ; and an excellent 

 series of his portraits was included in the Old 

 Masters Exhibition of the Koyal Academy in 1877. 

 His art is fully represented in the National Gallery 

 of Scotland, and examples of his brush are pre- 

 served in the National Gallery, London, and in 

 the Louvre. Numerous engravings have been 

 executed from hU jmrtraita. 



See Life by his great-grandson, W. R. Andrew (Lond. 

 1886); Portrait* by Sir Htnrii Raeburn (photographs, 

 edited by Dr John Brown; Elliot, Kdin.); Sir Henry 

 Saeburn, a Selection from hit Partraitt (photogravures, 

 edited by W. E. Henley; Edin. 1890). 



It a IT. JOACHIM, musical composer, was born at 

 Lachen on Lake Zurich on 27th May 1822. He 

 began life as a schoolmaster, hnt, encouraged by 

 Mendelssohn, he devoted himself to music. From 

 1850 to 1856 he lived near Lis/t in \\~eimar, then 

 taught music at Wieslwden until 1877 ; and from 

 that year until his death, on 24th June 1882, he 

 was director of the musical conservatory at Frank- 

 fort-oii Main. From the time he turned to music 

 down to the end of his life Haff poured forth an 

 incessant stream of musical production-., more than 

 200 in all. His works include many classes of 

 composition, as symphonies, overtures, concertos 

 for violin, 'cello, and piano, operas, quartette, a 

 great variety of pieces tor piano and violin, and for 

 piano alone. The symphonies Lenore and Im 

 \\'itlcl are reputed his best works. He wrote with 

 'onsiderable poetic charm, much fluency, ami great 

 technical mastery, but undoubtedly wrote too 

 much : he is often diffuse, and over-elaborates 

 insignificant themes. In Die H'ttijiitrfrage (1852) 

 and numerous pa|iers con tri lulled to the ' 

 Zeitschrift fur Mmtik he advocated tin- works and 

 aims of the new German musical school. 



Kaffirs. SIR THOMAS STAMFOBD, British 

 administrator, was born, a sea-captain's son, off 

 Port Mot-nut in Jamaica, on 5th July 1781. In 

 1795 he was appointed to a clerkship'in the East 

 India House, and in 1805 assistant-secretary to a 

 new establishment at Penang ; eventually he was 

 made principal secretary. In 1808 he made a voy- 

 age to Malacca, respecting which place, and tin- 

 East Indies in general, he collected much valuable 



information. In 1811 lUtlle* accompanied the ex- 

 pedition against Java (q.v.) as secu-tarv to the 

 governor general, Lord Minto, who himself took 

 the chief command. The island was captured, and 

 liatlles appointed lieutenant-governor of it and ite 

 dejiendenciea. Much had to be done in the way of 

 conciliating the native princes and chiefs to the 

 British rule. He ap]Hiinted lit-iti-li residents at the 

 native courts, and framed rules and regulations 

 for their conduct. He ordered a general survey 

 to be made of the whole island, and checked 

 the attempt of the native sultan of Jokjokarta 

 to expel tin- Europeans from Java. His efforts 

 were, nowever, chiefly directed to effecting a com- 

 plete reform in the internal administration. By 

 frequent personal interviews with the natives he 

 sought to become acquainted with their manners 

 and character, and to educate them and civilise 

 them ; and by them he was regarded with great 

 esteem and affection. But at length his health 

 gave way, and in 1816 he returned to England, 

 stopping by the way :it St Helena, where he had 

 an interview with Napoleon. On his arrival in 

 England he wrote his History of Java (2 vols. 

 1817), and received the honour of knighthood. 

 Java having by this time lieen restored to the 

 Mutch, Sir Stamford HafHes was appointed lieu- 

 tenant-governor of Bencoolen, a settlement upon 

 the coast of Sumatra, where he landed in March 

 1818. Shortly afterwards, to paralyse or combat 

 the commercial prosperity of the "Dutch in the 

 eastern seas, and to repress the piratical propensi- 

 ties of the Malays, he was sent to form a new settle- 

 ment at Singapore. In 1824 he was again com- 

 pelled by ill-health to return to England. But the 

 vessel in which he set sail took fire 50 miles out 

 from Sumatra, and the crew and passengers escaped 

 with difficulty in the boats. By this accident Sir 

 Stamford Rallies lost the greatest |iart of his effects, 

 including a fine collection of natural history, mate- 

 rials for various East Indian grammars and diction- 

 aries, and for a history of Borneo, (Vlcl.es, Singa- 

 pore, &c. After his arrival in England be lived 

 to carry out what had been one of his favomite 

 projects namely, the formation of the Zoological 

 Society of London, of which he was named p> 

 dent He died on 5th July 1826. See M> -mnir by his 

 widow ( 1830), and the Life by D. C. Boulger ( 18"s V 

 Rafflcsia, a remarkable genus of plants belong- 

 ing to the small natural order KnfHesioceie, an order 

 composed entirely of parasitic plants, which consist 



Raffirsia patina. 



merely of a flower, and form part of the Hhi/nnt heii* 

 (q.v.) of Lindley. The Rafflesiaceie are natives 

 partly of the Indian islands and partly of South 

 America. The plants of the genus Hnfflesia have 

 neither stalk nor leaves, but are enormous flowers 

 seated upon the roots of species of Cisus, making 

 their ap|iearance at first as a hemispherical swelling 



