052 



IIACMAN KOI. I, 



UACTSA 



cholera, and tlie disaster of June 18 weighing upon 

 hi- mind, lie suddenly Ix-cami- \\.-c, ami died of 

 exhaustion, .lune 28, 1855. Hi?* remain- wen- 

 t> Mght to England an<l buried in the family ceme- 

 tery at liadminton. He proved himself to ! 11 

 skilful tactician, although it may IM- doulitd 

 whether ln> ha<l (In- qualities of a great general. 

 His personal bravery won universal admiration : 

 and his courteous and nohle bearing, his gentle- 

 now of temper and lirnim of mind, and hi- 

 si. -in I worship of ' duty,' invest hi- character witli 

 .something of the chivalrous. See Kinglake, 

 Invasion of the Crimea (1863-87); and Hamley, 

 The War in the Crimea ( 1891 ). 



in Roll (riujmnn, a word of uncertain 



origin, used in ancient diplomatic language for an 

 indenture or legal deed), the name given to the 

 collection of instruments which record the acts of 

 fealty and Immune |>eiformed by the Scottish 

 nohifity and gentry to Edward I. of England 

 during his military progress through Scotland in 

 1296, and afterwards at the parliament held at 

 Berwick. The original instrument- of homage 

 under the seals of the parties were deposited in 

 the Royal Treasury of England, and have almost 

 entirely perished ; but the roll in existence in the 

 Tower preserves a record of them. Its contents 

 were given in an abridged form in Prynne's 

 Records, and afterwards printed in extemo by 

 the Bannutyne Club in 1834. An especial value 

 attaches to the Ragman Roll as containing the 

 largest and most authentic enumeration extant of 

 the nobility, barons, landholders, and burgesses, as 

 well as of the clergy of Scotland, prior to the 14th 

 century, and the only genuine statistical notices of 

 Scotland of the period. 



ItiiKiiartik (< ; cr. OMttnUmmmmg), the end 



of the world, when the giuls (Odin, Thor, &c.) shall 

 be overcome by their enemies and the world be 

 burned up. See SCANDINAVIAN MYTHOLOGY. 



K:iS. Fragments of almost all kinds of tex- 

 tile materials have now a commercial value. 

 In the middle of the 19th century all white 

 papers were made of rags, but the great increase 

 in the consumption of printing-papers for daily 

 newspapers ana cheap periodicals lias for many 

 years necessitated the use of other materials, 

 such as esparto, wood-fibre, &c. (see PATER). 

 Linen and cotton rags alone are still, however, 

 used for bank-note and other line and strong 

 papers, and are mixed with other materials, 

 such as wood-pulp, for inferior kinds. These 

 rags furnish the manufacturer with a material 

 already half made into paper, so to speak, be- 

 cause the preliminary proce es of boiling out the 

 silica, &c. from straw or esparto are not required 

 in the case of woven linen or cotton. Hence rags 

 of vegetable fibre will always l>e valuable for paper- 

 making. 



\\oollcn rags have a higher value than linen or 

 cotton kind-, or at least than mixture* of thc-e. 

 Ulil woollen clothes or shreds of such are called. 

 in the manufacturing di-triets where they are 

 worked up. 'Old Mungo' (see SHODDY). These 

 rags are torn up, or 'ground up,' as it is termed, 

 and re-manufactured into eoai-se flannels, drugget-. 

 comforters, &c. Some are actually ground into a 

 sort of |M)wder for (lock wall papers. The imports 

 of linen and cotton rags into (ireat Britain in 1863 

 ( before esparto wax much in use for paper making) 

 amounted to 25,27 tons, valued at 502,681. In 

 the same year 14,417 tons of woollen rags, valued 

 at 551,824, were imported. In 1889 the impoits 

 were, of cotton and linen rags, 42,443 tons, valued 

 at 426,322, ami of woollen rags, 3l,3:i.~> tons, 

 value,! at 069.438 (217.000 tons of esparto fibre 

 were imported in the same year). A compari-on 



of these figures will show the increased quantities, 

 now imported, as well as the depreciation in the 

 value of rags, A large <|uantitv. probably amount- 



of British imports of linen and cotton rags, is re- 

 exported to the I'nited States : or at least lag- to 

 this extent are ship|>ed from England thither, but 

 a certain proportion of them may be of P.ritish 

 production. 



Rau'-stoiir. an impure limestone, conM-ting 

 ch icily of lime and silica, much used in Kent. It 

 breaks up into pieces almiit the size of a brick, 

 and is hard and Hat bedded. The name is also 

 applied to the bard irregular rock which frequently 

 overlies better huilding materials. Besides licing 

 used for building puipo-i--, hones or sharpening 

 stones for scythes, &c. are made of it. 



RaifUSn (Slav. Diilimrnit), a decayed city of 

 Dalmatia, stands on the east shore of the Adriatic. 

 100 miles SE. of Spalato and opposite the (iulf of 

 Manfredonia in Italy. It is surrounded with 

 strong walls, and has a very picturesque ap|K>ar- 

 ance when seen from the sea. The city si-ems to 

 have been colonised by refugees from Epidaums 

 (now Old Ragusa, a few miles to the south-east), 

 Salona, and other Clrceco Unman towns destro\ed 

 by the Slav invaders of the Balkan peninsula. For 

 some centuries Ragusa was a Roman outpost on 

 the edge of the Slav states, and nourished greatly 

 under the suzerain protection of Byzantium. 

 Towards the end of the 12th century l;.i_'u-a was- 

 made to acknowledge the supremacy of Venice, 

 though she retained a large share of autonomy. In 

 1358 Venice ceded her Dalmatian possessions to 

 Hungary, and from that time down to the em of 

 the Napoleonic wars Ragusa was generally accus- 

 tomed to look to Hungary (i.e. the German 

 empire) for help against her enemies, although 

 from the beginning of the 15th century she was a 

 free and independent republic. It was at the same 

 time that she began to take a prominent place 

 amongst the t railing states of the Mediterranean, 

 her prosperity being due to her position between 

 the Christian powers and the empire of the Turks, 

 and the privileges she enjoyed of trading freely 

 with the subjects of the sultan. Her 'argosies*' 

 (i.e. 'vessels of Ragnsa') traded as far as the 

 Bailie; and a contingent joined the great Armada 

 when it set sail for the invasion of England. 

 Ragusa was the home from the middle of the 

 15th century of a remarkable literary movement, 

 stimulated by the Renaissance (see SKI:VIA). 

 During the course of the Napoleonic wars the 

 French entered the city in 1805; this led the 

 Russians to Lombard 'the place. But in 1808 

 Napoleon declared the republic of Ragusa to lie 

 at an end, and in the following year incorporated 

 it in the kingdom of Illyria. Since 1HI4. like the 

 rest of the Dalmatian seaboard, it has belonged 

 to Austria. Ragusa had, however, long In-fore this 

 declined from her former greatness. Though spared 

 the attacks of foreign foes, she suffered repeatedly 

 from fires, plagues, and earthquakes. The earth- 

 quake of 1667 was particularly disastioiis. Yet 

 Ragnsn still contains several striking and intere-l- 

 ing buildings, chief amongst them the palace of the 

 lectnr- i chief magistrates), built ill t he ( lot I lie a nil 

 Classic Renaissance styles lietween 1435 and 14iit : 

 the eu-tom-hoiisi. and mint, dating from before 1312 

 and finished in I.V.Hi; the Dominican chinch (1306) 

 and monastery (1348), the former containing a 

 picture by Titian; the Franciscan church and 

 monastery' (1317): the church of St. Biagio ( Bhii-e i. 

 the patron saint of the town, built in 1348 V2, but 

 rebuilt in 1715: and the churches of San Salvatore 

 and Allo Dance. The old cathedral, which 

 tradition says was founded by Richard I. of 



