BM 



It A 1 1. WAYS 



tones to working |rhit|i the rmwt ini|irtant 



added in recent years is the injector, contrivance 

 for picking up water in transit t'nmi troughs placed 

 U-twci-n tln> mils. It is tin- invention of Mr Hams 

 lit(4iin of tin- London iiml North Western Kililway, 

 and is in use on some lim where Imi^ di-tance- 

 are run without stopping. 



In tin- matter of fiu-l some very successful ex- 

 periments have been made <>n the tin-at Eastern 



Uil Itnilway. Sixtli Avenue, New York. 



Railway in tin- use of oil refuse in conjunction 

 with coal, and liquid fuel is now employed on 

 several of the coni|ianys locomotives and station 

 ary engines i se<- FfKl. I. Tin- use of liquid fuel by 

 it-i'lf in locomotive work is O|H*II of course to sonic 

 ohjcctions, .such ax the starting of the lirt-s and tin- 

 Midden reduction of t<-iii|NTiitun- when the fuel is 

 shut off, but tin" do not apply where the two 



Fig. 7. -Train on the Manitou niul Pike'K 1'tak I 



fin-Is are interchangeable. Tin- consumption ami j 

 cost of coal alone |MT mile jiasscnger express train 

 my be taken at 34 11.. of fm-1 and 3jd. To do 

 the name work 10) Hi. of liquid fuel and 15 ll>. of 

 coal an- ii-ed. say 2.1J Hi., at a cost of 2j|d. Of 

 various contrivance- di-i^ne.1 to sii|TMle or up- 



plement onlinary fonns of railway construction 

 may be mentioned the atmospheric railway tle- 

 scrilHHl at 1'NKI \I\IH iMsI'Mi ||. Later develop- 

 nn-iils in the form of ele<-tricHl IKIWIT i sec l.i 1 1 i i:ic 

 KAM.WAYS) pnnnisc in tin- future more formidable 

 rivalry. 



The overhead railways of New York are sup- 

 ported on iron columns, and traverse the prim i|il 

 .streets, atibnling accommodation to an enormous 

 number of paaMenKers. Liverpool 

 has also adopted an overhead 

 railway for communication alon^; 

 the line of docks. The project for 

 the carriage of ships and their 

 cargoes by railway was I nought 

 to a practical test by the Chig- 

 necto Ship Railway (1888-92), 

 across the narrow neck oonm-ct iu^ 

 Nova Scotia with the mainland. 

 Lines have also been surveyed 

 across the Central American 

 isthmus. The rack system of 

 railways, which was the earliest 

 form of iron road, ha- been since 

 adopted with advantage for the 

 Working of lines having steep 

 jrrades. The Mont, (Vnis (1865) 

 and Rigi Railway ( 1871 ) in 

 Switzerland are among the best- 

 known instances of this form of 

 construction. The /n mat t Rail- 

 way, 22 miles in length, opened 

 in 1891, is the best example of 

 the 'combined' working. The 

 engine (metre gauge) has four 

 cylinders, the outer |iair of which 

 are connected with wheels run- 

 ning on ordinary rails. The inner 

 pair operate a central tootlnil 

 wheel which runs on a single 

 racked rail laid on such portions of the line as 

 are of steep gradient. The two sets of cylinders 

 can be worked separately or together as required. 

 A similar line has been constructed ascending 

 Pike's Peak in Colorado to a height of 14,134 

 feet. The highest points reached by the loco- 

 motive' are (ialcra, a village in Peru. I. ">,(>.'!."> feet, 

 and those touched by a line from (ialcra rising '215 

 feet higher. The railway cross- 

 ing the. Andes in South America, 

 from liuenos Ayres to Valparaiso, 

 is to be worked on this system for 

 some 17 miles, and on part of the 

 state railways in Bosnia and 

 Herzegovina it is employed. 



The Lartigue system of light 

 railways, of which several short 

 jines have been constructed one 

 in Ireland and others in Franco-- 

 comprises only a single mil. The 

 carnages or receptacles for goods 

 are lialaiieod on either side. 

 pannier faxliion, on a pyramidal 

 structure of wood or iron, 3 or 4 

 feet in height, which carries the 

 rail (tig. S). A 'bicycle' railway 

 has IM'CH proposal anil an C\|HTI- 

 mental line constructed in the 

 United States, the engine and 

 , , illxv ^ carriages l>eing retained on the 



single rail by an overhead sup|>ort. 

 held I M -i ween small horizontal 

 whin-Is. In the French 'gliding railway' (IH88) a 

 thin film of water is kept lx-t wti-n the rails and the 

 sledge which snjiports the carriage. 



' '<irriage#. The builders of the earliest rail" 

 did not intend them for (wssenger so much as for 

 goods traffic. On the Stockton and Darlington 



