RA.ION 



RALEIGH 



Kajon. PAUL ADOLPHK, an etcher, was born 

 at Dijon in 1842, and trained in Paris, part ly at tlie 

 School of Fine An-. Almut 1805 he turned to 

 etching, and gained immediate success with hi* 

 first plate, 'Rembrandt at Work,' aftiT Meissonier. 

 Standing in the front rank of French etchers, he 

 won several medals at the Salon exhibitions, and 

 produced numerous Iteautiful etched portraits and 

 plates for books. In IS72 he visited England, ami 

 published in London in 1873 a portrait of ). S. Mill 

 after Watts, as well as in subsequent years many 

 nt her plates. His greatest achievement* were ' The 

 Kmperor Claudius,' a picture by Alma Tiideinn, 

 the portrait of Darwin by Ouless, and those of 

 Tennyson, Joachim, and Sirs Anderson Rose by 

 Watt*. He died at Auvers-sur-Oise on 8th June 

 1888. See Ticelre Elr/iini/s In/ ]'. A. Jtajon, with 

 Memoir by F. CJ. Stephens ( 1889). 



Itajpiltana. an administrative territorv of 

 India, embracing twenty native states and the Brit- 

 ish district (2711 sq. m. ; pop. 460,722) of Ajmere- 

 Merwara, It lies between Sind (on the W.), the 

 Punjab (on the N.), the North-western Provinces 

 (on the E. ), and several native states of Central 

 India (on the S.). Its total area is 132,461 sq. m.,and 

 iU total pop. ( 1881 ) 10,268,392 ; ( 1891 ) 12,089,330. 

 The most important of the native states are Jaipur, 

 Jodhpur (or Manvar), and Udaipur (or Mewar); 

 next follow Ulwar (Alwar), Bhartpur, Kotah, and 

 Rikaner. This region is crossed by the Aravalli 

 Mountains, and consists in great part of sandy, 

 barren plains, though there are of course numerous 

 fertile vallevs and other tracts. It gets its name 

 from the piling race or predominant Aryan tribes, 

 called Rajputs. They are a proud aristocracy, own 

 the soil, and have furnished ruling dynasties to 

 very many of the native states of India. Yet in 

 1881 they numbered only 479,554. At the time of 

 the Mohammedan invasions in the llth century 

 the Rajputs ruled over half-a-dozen strong states 

 Kanauj, Ajmere, Anhilwara, Udaipur, and Jaipur. 

 From the end of the 16th to the middle of the 18th 

 century these states acknowledged the supremacy 

 of the Mogul emperor of Delhi. Then they were 

 made to recognise the Mahrattas as their masters : 

 since the Mahrattas were crushed by the British 

 the Rajput states are independent allies. 



Rajshalii. See RAMPUR BAULEAH. 



Knkorzy March, a simple but grand military 

 air by an unknown composer, dating from the end 

 of the 17th century (see NATIONAL HYMNSI, said 

 to have l>een the favourite march of Francis 

 Rakoczy II. of Transylvania. The Hungarians 

 adopted it as their national march, and in 1848 and 

 1849 it is alleged to have had the same inspiriting 

 etlect on the revolutionary troops of Hungary as 

 the Marseillaise hail on the French. The air most 

 generally known in (Germany and elsewhere out of 

 Hungary as the Rakoczy march is one by Berlioz 

 in his Damnation tie Fntmt ; Liszt also wrote an 

 orchestral version of the original. 



Itakslias. See DEMONOLOOT. 



Raleigh, the capital of North Carolina, is near 

 the Neu-e River, l.'>7 miles by rail SS\V. of Rich- 

 mond. Virginia. The town is'regubirly built on an 

 elevated site, with a central Union Square, from 

 which four principal streets radiate, each 99 feet 

 wide. In the square stands the capitol, a large 

 domed building of granite, which cost over 

 fAOO.otlO. The city contains also state institution* 

 for the blind, deaf and dumb, and insane, a gaol, 

 ami has inm-fonndries, machine and car shops, and 

 manufactories ,,f clothing, carriages, ami fanning 

 implements. Pup. ( 1H80) 9263 ; (190O) l.VW.'t. 



Raleigh. Sin WAI.TKIC, the typical gallant and 

 hero of Kngland's heroic aye. was liorn of an 

 ancient but decayed family at the manor-house of 



Haves, near Budleigh in East Devonshire, in 1662. 

 He was the second son of his father's thud wife, 

 who herself had been married before, and had 

 Ixirne her husband the famous Humphrey and 

 Adrian Gilbert. He entered Oriel College, Ox- 

 ford, in 1566, but left without a degree, most prob- 

 ably in 1509, to volunteer into the Huguenot cause 

 in France. Here he served his apprenticeship to 

 arms, but, beyond the fact that he was present at 

 Montoontour, we know little of this penod of his 

 life. In 1578 he joined Humphrey Uilliert's luckless 

 expedition, having most prolwbly already crossed 

 the Atlantic; and early in 1580 he landed in Cork 

 at the head of a troop of one hundred foot to act 

 against the Irish reliels. He quickly attracted 

 notice by his dash and daring, took part in t he- 

 assault of the fort nt Smerwick and subsequent 

 massacre of the six hundred Italian and Spani-h 

 prisoners, and seems to have approved thoroughly 

 of all the drastic measures taken by the government 

 to stamp out rel>ellion. He saw some months of 

 further hard ami thankless service in Minister, but 

 in December 1581 returned to England. 



He now made his entry to the circle of the 

 court as a proU'ge of the favourite Leicester, and in 

 February 1582 accompanied him in his convoy of the 

 Due d'Alencon to the Netherlands. Almost imme- 

 diately after his return he liecame prime favourite 

 of the queen, whose heart was still susceptible 

 despite the weight of almost fifty years. Fuller's 

 well-known story of how he first caught her eye by 

 flinging down on the ground his fine phish cloak t<> 

 save her feet from the mire is most likely com- 

 pletely apocryphal, but well befite the romantic 

 temper of the times and the manner of fantastic 

 devotion with which the Virgin Queen loved to be 

 wooed or worshiped by the fine gentlemen of her 

 court. Raleigh was now in the prime of manly 

 beauty ; his tall and handsome figure, dark hair, 

 high colour, lofty forehead, resolute and manly 

 bearing, alert expression, and spirited wit combined 

 to form an imposing personality, and all the 

 advantage that nature had given him he heightened 

 by a gorgeous splendour in dress and in jewels. But 

 he was proud, naughty, and impatient, and every- 

 where, save in his native Devonshire, the broad 

 accent of which he preserved all bis life, he made 

 himself a multitude of jealous and envious enemies. 

 He was consulted confidentially on Irish affairs, 

 but never to the last took a public place in the 

 queen's counsels, perhaps because his royal mis- 

 tress, with all her fondness, distrusted his ambi- 

 tion, and divined that he lacked that sagacity of 

 the statesman which she recognised in the 'le** 

 splendid Biirghley and \Valsingliam. The plavftil 

 name of 'Water' by which she called him seems 

 itself to imply a recognition of that instability of 

 character which was his constant foible and, in the 

 fullness of time, the occasion of his ruin. I'.ui 

 meantime she heaped her favours lavishly upon 

 him : in April 1583 he received t\\o MtatM; ne.\i 

 month the ' farm of wines, 'a license duty of twenty 

 shillings a year from every vintner in the kingdom, 

 which at one time yielded 2000 a year; and in 

 March 1584 a grant of license to export woollen 

 broadcloths, which Biirghley estimated had yielded 

 him in the first year as much as 3950. "Almut 

 the close of 1584 he was knighted : in July li>H5 he 

 was appointed Lord Warden of the Stannaries, in 

 SeptemWr Lieutenant of Cornwall, in Novemlier 

 Vice admiral of Devonshire and Cornwall ; and in 

 the same year he was elected to parliament as one 

 of the two county mnnilieni for Devonshire. In 

 1587 he succeeded Sir Christopher Hatton as Cap- 

 tain of the Queen's (luard. During the summer 

 of l. r >H4 he leased of the queen the stately mansion 

 of Durham House, spent much money on its repair, 

 and kept it as his town-house from that time down 



