171 



HANK INK 



RANUNCULACE2E 



1889), perhaps tin- moot lini-ln-d nf his book*, 

 rertainly one of his great masterpieces of historical 



writing. Thru ! tinned hi- attention to central 

 and northern Europe, and rote in quick succession 

 Itfiilteke Gttckichte im Zeitulttr drr Ittf urination 

 (1830-47); Ztcolf BurJirr jirtiutuchcr OncUeUt 

 ( 1847-48 ; new ed. 1871-74); t'ranziuisrlit liufhichte 

 ( 1832-61 ) ; Ettglitfhe GarJutJtte ( 1859-67 ; 4tli et\. 

 9 vols. 1877-79), the last two treating chielly of the 

 same two centuries an the books on south Europe ; 

 and Zur fieulfr/ifn Hr.vhirlilr, nun liilniiontfritaen 

 bit turn Drei**i(ijiitirii/fH AV,i--/i IM'I'.I'I. Utter periods 

 and special period- of Kcrman history are treated 

 of in books on the Origin of the Seven Years' 

 War (2d ed. Is7l), the Cennan Powers and the 

 Confederation (1871), Zur Gexthirhtt, nm (' 

 reich vnd Preutten cwitfhen iltn t'riuicnsschUisstn 

 - Aarhen uiitl Ilitbertobury (1876); the history 

 of Cermany and France in the 19th century 

 (1887), and" monographs mi Wallcn-tein (18C9), 

 Hardenls-rg ("> vols. IS77-7H), and Frederick the 

 Great an.l Frederick William IV. (1S7S). To the 

 aliove must be added a l>k on the revolutionary 

 war- of IT'.M .-iinl 1 7 '.hi ' 1>7."- . another on Venetian 

 History ( ls7S '.and l>ir II 'rlt-ir. irltirlitr, of whose nine 

 volumes (1881-88) he lived to see only seven pub- 

 lished. This last work, which is the copestone of 

 Knnke's historical lalniurs, wan liegun when he was 

 an old man of eighty -two ; yet ni that great age he 

 kept two schooled historical assistants busy, studied 

 critically the lireek and other sources, dictated and 

 Kind flight to ten hours a day, and published 

 one volume a ye;ir regularly, until he died, on 23d 

 May 1886, having rested from his beloved work 

 only a few short days. Even his long life he was 

 over ninety when he died would hardly have 

 iMitliccd for the thorough works he accomplished 

 had he not been a man of unwearied industry, 

 with a marvellous memory, ami a swift and in- 

 tuitive judgment as to tin- value of historical 

 material. Mi- st\ le is not brilliant, yet sufficiently 

 clear ami interesting. He always wrote from the 

 standpoint of one who had the whole history of 

 the world before his mind's eye. This and his 

 skill in the ]Kirtraiture of historical personage* 

 often lend the dee|iest interest to his narratives. 

 His point of view was, however, that of the states- 

 man ; ami he fails to give due prominence to the 

 social and popular sides of national development. 

 Kanke married an Irish lady in 1843, and was en- 

 iiohled in 1865. He continued to lecture until 

 Is7-j. His lectures e\erci-ed a great influence upon 

 those who sat at his feet to learn, as is seen in the 

 works of the great school of historical writers. 

 Wait/., Von Syliel, < ii'-chrccht, and others. A 

 collected edition of his II '<;/. was published at 

 Leipzig in 47 vols. in IS*J8; several of them have 

 been translated into F.nglish. 



SM hi* autobiographical Zur ei'imen I^btntprtrh irhte 

 (ed. by A. Dove. Js'JO) Bad monograph* by Wincklcr 

 (1885) and Von Giewbrccht I ! 



Kankinr. WILLIAM .lulls M \n>i ni;\. was 

 IHHII of gcxHl Avrshire family at Kdiubiirgh in 

 1820, and had lii- e.lui-ation at the uiiivei-ilv 

 there. !! learm-il i>iigiiiee|-ing under Sir J. 

 in-ill, and was ap|ioiiit.-,| in lS.Vi t<i the chair at 

 (Jliu-gow. He ili'-d -Mtli DeeemlM-r IS7'J. liankine 

 wan an incessant worker, and his IxMiks on 

 Kiiiiiiif-rni'i. I'lir Striiui-riHiiiir null ullirr 1 

 IfOMrt, .Mni-liinrrii inn! Milhr,,rl., Slii/thiiililnni : 



, , lii-iil mill 1'niilii'nl. and A/>/>liril MHI- 

 were i|iiickly accepted everywhere as standard 

 text liooks ; and no miMlern work in the region of 

 mathematical physics has higher value than his 

 contributions to the new science of Thernio- 

 dvnamics, mid to the theories of Elasticity and 

 of Waves. His more important papers were col- 

 lected, with a Life by Profemor Tail (1881). 



Another side of his nature wan seen in his capital 

 humorous and patriotic songs, collected as bong* 

 and Fable* ( 1874). 



Itaimorh. a bleak, desolate moorland of north- 

 west Perthshire, with a mean ele\ation of 1000 

 feet above sea-level, and measuring 28 miles by 

 l.'i. Its surface is mostly a broad, silent, feature- 

 less tract of bog, heath, and moss, girdled by dark, 

 distant mountains. In r part i- l.och 



l.ydoch (.">} miles x A mile; 924 feet above sea- 

 lev, -1), which winds amid flat and dismal scenery. 

 St [etching eastward from the moor is Loch Man- 

 noch (9J miles x 1J mile; 668 feet), which is over- 

 hung by Kchiehallion, contains a crannog with a 

 later fortress, and sends nil' the Tninmel *.! miles 

 eastward and south-south-eastward to the Tay. 

 Loch Tummel (2j miles x J mile; 480 feet) is an 

 expansion of this river, on which are also the Falls 

 of Tummel, 20 feet high. 



Ransom corrupted from the Latin redemptio 

 is the price paid by a prisoner of war, or paid on 

 his In-half, in consideration of his lieing granted 

 lilierty to return to his own country. In early 

 times, when armies received little or no regular 

 pay, the soldier looked for his reward in the liooty 

 lie might capture, and this booty included the 

 bodies as well as the chattels of the vanquished. 

 The conqueror hod the option of slaying his 

 prisoner; but for his profit, he would make him 

 his slave, or sell him into slaver)'. The transition 

 would Ix- natural to accepting compensation from 

 the prisoner himself, and setting him at liU'ity. 

 In feudal warfare the ransoms formed a large 

 portion of a soldier's gains ; those for persons 

 of low degree belonging to the individual caplois. 

 but those for princes or great nobles to the king. 

 Hansoms were sometimes of large amount, more 

 than the immediate family of the caiitive could 

 pay. His retainers were then required by feudal 

 usage to contribute; as in the case of redeeming 

 King Kichard I. for 100,000, when twenty shil 

 lings was a~~e -ed on every knight's fee, and the 

 clergy Bubscriliod liberally. I'.-ivid I truce of Scot- 

 land was ransomed for 100,000 marks, and King 

 John of France for 500,000, payable in instal- 

 ments. After the battles of M (.inentin and (iravc- 

 lines, in the war Ix'tween France and Philip of 

 Spain, the ransoms due by French prisoners to tin- 

 Prince of Orange, Counts Kgmont and Horn, and 

 a few other superior commanders were estimated 

 at 2 million crowns; the Due de Longueville paid 

 Count Horn 80,000 crowns as his ransom. In 

 modern warfare, where the lighting is perfoimed by 

 professional soldiers, pecuniary ransoms are never 

 resorted to, freedom Ix-ing granted to prisoners in 

 exchange for others of corresponding rank captured 

 on the opposite side. 



It :ui tors. Sec METHODISTS. 



Ionium iil.ic.-.r. a natural order of exogenous 

 plants, mostly herbaceous, rarely shrubs, and g-nei- 

 ttlly natives of cold, damp climates. Some are found 

 within the tropics, but almost exclusively in vei\ 

 elevated situations. The nuinlxT of known specie- 

 exceeds 1000. They occur in all quartets of the 

 glolie, but most abundantly in Europe. The ! 

 are generally much divided, and have dilated 

 sheathing stalks. The calyx is of 3-6 deciduous 

 hy|Migynous sepals ; the corolla of .'( !."> bypogynoM 

 petal-, in one or more rows, sometimes assuming 

 vi-iy remarkable forms, as in larkspur, aconite, 

 and columbine ; rarely alisent, in which case the 

 sepals ar gaily coloured. The stamens are usually 

 numerous; the carpels are numerous, one-celled, 

 limes united into a single many-celled pistil ; 

 the ovary with one or more ovules. The fruit either 

 consist* of dry achenia, or is berry-like or follicular. 

 \. ndity is the prevailing character of the order. 



