580 



RAPE 



RAPHAEL SANTI 



century, if not sooner, large <|iiantities of oil were 

 iniuie troni its seeds, chielly in tin- fenny ami oilier 

 alluvial districts of the cast of Kugland, when- also 

 it has long been moHt extensively mplojrvd for 

 fet-dini: sheep. On the Continent it is not unusual 

 to HOW ia|ie m onler to yrccii-numurini/, ploughing 

 it - heritage into the -oil. a mode of enriching laml 

 iitnrli more roiiiinon in some parts of Europe than 

 il i- in Itritain. Kaite delights in a rich alluvial 

 "oil. anil is particularly -uitahle for newly reclaimed 

 Uigs and fens, in whioli the turnip doe* not succeed | 

 well : ami it U also extensively cultivated in the 

 chalk and oolite district* of the south of l.ngland. 

 When culii\ aled for green manuring rap is u-uallv 

 sown broadcast, hut when intended to produce 

 seed it is generally sown in drills, anil receives 

 manure anil culture the -ame ait the turnip. In rich 

 noils rape sometimes at tain -a height of thri-e or even 

 four feet, so that the -heep turned in are hidden 

 licncatli the leaves, and seem to eat their way into 

 the Held. They eat the stalks even more greedily 

 than the leaves. A too exclusive feeding on rape 

 i-. however, apt to produce diseases, which a 

 sprinkling of salt, a supply of hay, &c. are found 

 ii-eful in preventing. When the seed is ripe rape 

 in cut with the sickle ; and, after a short time 

 allowed for drying, the seed U thrashed out, when 

 the haulm is often Inn net), a wasteful practice, as 

 its decay affords more abundant and useful manure, 

 and indeed cattle are fond of it as foal. Kane-cake, 

 the i "'Is from which oil has been obtained 



by crushing, is used for feeding oxen and sheep, 

 hut is very inferior to linseed cake and some other 

 kinds of oil-cuke. Ground into dust, it is a very 

 valuable manure. Rape.-oU is extensively used for 

 machinery and for lamps; hut the oil and cake so 

 called are not exclusively ohtaincd from this plant, 

 nor are the names Colza-oil and Rape-oil used to 

 discriminate the produce of different plants, although 

 in some parts of Europe the name Col/a U given to 

 varieties of Brnttica rani/>e-\trix and B. oleracea, 

 which an- cultivated in the same way as rape. /'. 

 prar'" i- al-o cultivated in some places, being 

 sown in spring and reaped in autumn. The seeds 

 of other cruciferous plants are also crushed in 

 di-eriminately with these, and the oil and cake sold 

 by the MOM names (see Oil.*. On. r.\KK). The 

 name HHHC is from I .at. rapa, 'a turnip;' Colza 

 is through the French from the Dutch koolzaad, 

 'cole-seed.' 



Rape i- having carnal knowledge of a woman 

 without her conscious consent, and such consent 

 must not be extorted by violence or threats of 

 viol-nee. The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 

 1885, provides that a man is guilty of ra|>e if by 

 personating a woman's husband he succeeds in 

 having connection with her. Previously the point 

 was doubtful. A husband cannot, under any circum- 

 stances commit rape on his own wife, her consent 

 at marriage Iming irrevocable; but Mr Justice 

 Stephen is of opinion that under certain eircum 

 stances he may ! convicted at least of an indecent 

 assault. Nor can a IMIV under fourteen IM- guilty 

 of this crime, for in law (whatever be the physical 

 fact) he is alwolntely presumed incapable; but 

 iKith husband ami IM>V may 1> charged with assist- 

 ing others in cm iiting it. Ka|>e is a felony 



punishable with penal servitude for life. To this 

 every one who unlawfully and carnally knows any 

 girl under the age of thirteen years is also li: 

 I'IH- attempt to have unlawful carnal knowled 

 any girl under thirteen, and the act or attempt in 

 the cow of n girl Ix'twwn thirteen and sixteen 

 (save when the accused reasonably believe- ht-i i<> 

 be over sixteen), or in the case of any female idiot 

 ' under circumstance* which do not amount to rape,' 

 Ve misdemeanours, punishable by two years' nn 

 prisonment with hard labour. The merest pene- 



tration suffices to constitute the crime. As regards 

 evidence in cases of this sort, the most important 

 i|iiestion will usually lie. How far is the supposed 

 injured person to be lielieved ? That depends on 

 many things, of which the chief nre ( I ) her character 



for though as a matter of law rape may be com- 

 mitted on a prostitute, since even she cannot lie 

 compelled to submit to outrage, vet in fact if the 

 chiet witness is shown to IK- unchaste the charge 

 alino-t invariably breaks down; (2) the time 

 within which and the person to whom she made 

 the first complaint ; ( 3 ) any marks of violence on her 

 dress or person, and her agitated or calm demean 

 our; (4) the scene of the alleged crime, and the 

 probability of strenuous resistance attracting public 

 notice; (5) whether the prisoner fled or not ; < 

 any marks of violence on his dress or person. ( 7 ) If 

 apprehended soon after the alleged act the accused 

 is usually asked to submit to medical examination. 

 Refusal to do so is a strong presumption of at least 

 intercourse. The thing to lie guarded against is 

 either a false charge made by a woman to extort 

 money or, on failure of this attempt, persisted in 

 from spiteful motives, or an accusation made by 

 one who after consenting resists too late, or who 

 tries when by any accident the fact of connection 

 becomes known to whitewash her character. 



The law which protects women against the class 

 of crime of which rape is the chief has been made 

 much wider of late years, cliiellv by the Criminal 

 Law Amendment Act of 1HS"), which contains pro 

 vision against various kinds of procuration. As 

 regards the abduction ( 1 ) of a woman on account 

 of her fortune; (2) by force with intent to marry ; 

 (3) of an unmarried girl under the age of eighteen 

 with intent to have carnal knowledge of her, it 

 need only he remarked that the first two are felonies 

 punishable by fourteen years' penal servitude, and 

 the third a misdemeanour punishable by two years' 

 imprisonment with hard lalKHir. 



In the United States the crime is everywhere 

 treated as a felony, and punished with imprison- 

 ment for life, or for a number of years ; but the 

 punishment is somewhat different in the different 

 states of the Union. See also ABDUCTION. 



Raphael Saul i. liorn at Urbino in 1483, died 

 at Rome 1520, was the son and pupil of Giovanni 

 Sanii. a painter, whose death took place in 1494. 

 Apprenticed about 1495 at Perugia, Raphael learned 

 his profession from Perugino, and liecame such a 

 clever imitator of his style that to this day the 

 early pictures of the disciple are confounded with 

 those of his teacher. Raphael, in fact, copied 

 Pemgino's drawings (Academy of Venice), helped 

 to work at Perugino's pictures, and finished altar- 

 pieces from IVrugino's designs. Examples are 

 the Resurrection of the Vatican and the Virgin 

 and child, with and without attendant saints, at 

 Berlin. The presence of Raphael during these 

 years at Perugia, Urbino, and Citta di Castello 

 may lie traced by his sketches at each of these 

 places. His first patrons were the Duke and 

 princesses of I' rhino, ecclesiastical corporations 

 ai Citta di Castello, and ladies of the high 

 families of Baglione and Oddi at Perugia. His 

 earliest commissions were those of Citta di Cas- 

 tello, where (1502-3) the most important of his 

 early woiks, the Ciucitixion in the Dudley col- 

 lection, was painted. An Assumption of the 

 Virgin, now at the Vatican. \\;i- executed shortly 

 after for Mttddalena clegli Oddi. I>i-iinct features 

 in these pieces are dependence as to form on Peru- 

 gino and Pinturicchio, combined with a feeling for 

 grace and pure cojour essentially original. In a 

 M.I i nagc of the Virgin of 1504 (Milan gallery), 

 these qualities are found in conjunction with exact 

 repetitions of Perugino's figures. It is probable 

 that about 1504 Raphael began to discern tha 



