5M 



RAUHE8 HAUS 



RAVENNA 



in his profession, and l>y 1824 had executed 

 event y busts in marble, f which twenty were 

 of colossal size. His works include two colossal 

 linmze statues of Field marshal Blucher (1S-J7), a 

 Immze statue of Maximilian of Bavaria (IK{.*>), 

 and statues of Allx-rt I hirer, Goethe, Schiller, 

 and Schleiermachcr. Hi-, masterpiece is the mag- 

 nificent monument of Frederick the Great (1851) 

 wliicli adorns Berlin. He died at Dresden, 3d 

 December 1857. See Life by Eggere ( 1873-90). 



Rnilhes Haas ( ' the Rough House,' to culled) 

 i- the name of a great institution founded and 

 managed l>y Johann Heinrich \Vichern (1808-81) 

 at Horn, near Hamburg, in connection with the 

 (ernian Home Mission (Inncrr .1/umoii). It is 

 partly a refuge for morally neglected children ; 

 partly a boarding-school for the moral and intel- 

 livtual education of chililren of the higher classes ; 

 lastly, a training school for tho.se ho wish to 

 Iwcome teachers or officials in houses of correction, 

 Ini-l'itals. &c., in promotion of the objects of the 

 Home Mis-ion. It was opened on November 1, 

 1831, by Wicheni with twelve neglected children. 

 By the 'addition of new houses the whole has, how- 

 C\IT, lieen very much enlarged, and has of late 

 almost grown into a colony. A printing-office, a 

 bookbinders' .shop, and tmok-aelling form part of 

 the institution. Tlie children live in families of 

 twelve, each family being under the paternal 

 superintendence of a young artisan, who employs 

 the children according to their capabilities, partly 

 in indoor, partly in outdoor manual laliour. In 

 connection with the Kauhcs Hans there was 

 founded in 1845 a kind of conventual institute for 

 tin- education of young men as heads or superin- 

 tendents of similar institutions. See works on the 

 subject by \Vichern (1833-83). 



Ramner, FRIKDRICH LUDWIO GEORO VON, 



i :, -Miian historian, was born at Worlitz, near 

 Dessau, in the duchy of Anhalt. on 14th May 1781, 

 studied law at Halle and (!iil tinmen, and entered 

 tin- Prussian state service in 18U1. In 1811 he 

 accepted the chair of History and Politics at 

 Breslau ; in 1819 he was called to fill the similar 

 chair at Berlin. He was for some time secretary 

 of the Berlin Academy. In 1848 he was sent to 

 Paris as ambassador of the German parliament. 

 He died on 14th June 1873. The first scientific 

 historian to popularise history in Herman, Von 

 KHU mer wrote Gescfiichle der Ho/iensla ufen (6 

 vols. 1823-25), his best book, based on critical 

 research, and agreeably written ; Genchichte Euro- 

 pat scit dem Ende det IS Jahrhtinderts (8 vols. 

 1832-50); Beitrdge zur tieueren Geschichte (5 

 vols. 1836-39); and edited the useful Ilistor- 

 iteket Ta*chenbvch from 1830. In the years 1830- 

 43 he mode extensive journeys, going as far as 

 the United States ; the observations made during 

 these trips were written in several books dealing 

 with Knj-hind (1835 and 1841 ), Italy (1840), the 

 I nited States (1845), &c. See his Lebetwerinner- 

 uni/rn n nil lirirfirerJucl (2 vols. 1861). 



K.-iiiiiKT. KARI. Ci-:cn:i: VDN, geologist and 

 geographer, a brother of the preceding, was bom 

 April 9, 1783, at Worlitu, slmlied at Giittingen and 

 Halle, and at the Mining Academy at Freiberg, 

 was ap|w>inted professor of Mineralogy at Itreslau 

 in 1811, was translated in 1819 to Halle, and 

 finally, in 1827, was appointed professor of Miner 

 alogy and Natural History at hrlangen, where he 

 died .lime '2. 1805. His most ambitious Imok was 

 Getrhirhlt ,lrr /W'K/w/tf (184:1 51 : 5th ed. |s;s 

 80), a portion of wliioh was issued separately as 

 !>,' Kr;irl,Hn>i ilfr Mmlrhrn (4th ed. 1886). "His 

 moot iMipnlar IxKiks were, after these, Rcsrlirrihttnq 

 der Knl>l,rrfnr),c (6th ed. 180(1): l'nl<i*tin<t (4th 

 ed. 1860); and Lthrbur], ilrrnllijrmrinrn fieographie 



(1832; 3d ed. 1848). He also wrote books mor* 

 immediately connected with his special study, 

 as Geot/noitiisrfir Fnigmcnte (1811), Venuch tine* 

 ABC-Bucht der K'i;st,illl.nitde (1820-21), iV.-. 

 See hU Antoliio^raphy (Stnttg. IHoti). His SOD, 

 KuDOLF VON l:\i MI'I: (1815-76), from 1846 a 

 pinicssor at Erlangen, won a high reputation in 

 the field of Teutonic philology. 



Kuvaillac, FRANCOIS (1578-1610), a bankrupt 

 schoolmaster, who, alter long imprisonment and 

 a brief sen-ice in the Order of Feuillans, was moved 

 by fanaticism to stab Henrv IV. (q.v.) of France. 

 He was torn asunder by horses. See Loiseleur, 

 liavaillac et tet Complices (1873). 



Ravelin. See FORTIFICATION. 



Raven ( Cormu corax), a species of Crow (q.v.), 

 now somewhat rare in Britain except in remote 

 regions or on rocky islands. It is, however, widely 

 distributed in Europe, northern Asia, and North 



Raven ( Corvui corax ). 



America. The plumage is glossy black, with a 

 purplish-blue lustre on some parts. The bill and 

 legs are also black. In length the raven measures 

 about two feet. The males are rather larger and 

 more lustrous than the females. Very early in the 

 year the bulky nest i- built on a cliff or tree ; the 

 three to live e^fis are bluish-green, with brownish 

 s|K)ts. The raven's note tends to be harsh, but is 

 refined at the pairing season, and the bird may be 

 trained to parrot like imitation with remarkable 

 success. The flight is powerful, and the bird often 

 soars high. On small mammals, such as rats, tin- 

 r.-nen is fond of feeding, and its attacks on game 

 and even lamlw have led to its extermination in 

 many districts. In Scandinavia the raven was 

 sacred to Odin, but in many countries it is a bird 

 of ill omen. Instances are on record of ravens 

 which lived for four-score years, and there is no 

 doubt that it* natural longevity is great. Three 

 varieties or sub-species of the raven are recogni^-d 

 in North America. See CROW; and R \V. 

 Schufel.lt, The Myology of the Raven (1890). 



Ravenna, a city of Italy, 43 miles E. of 

 Bologna, once close to, but now some 5 miles from 

 the Adriatic, with which it is connected by the 

 Corsini ("anal, is enclosed by a wall 3 miles long, 

 with five gates. It has been the seat of an arch- 

 bishop since 438, and possesses a museum, n public 

 library, a picture-gallery, municipal buildings (with 

 a leaning tower), a tlieatre, &e. It has manu- 

 factures of silk, linen, paper, and glass, and a trad* 

 in wine and agricultural products. The streets 

 are wide, and the squares are adorned with 

 statues of the popes. The outward aspect of the 



