KAVENSBURG 



RAWLINSON 



591 



town and its buildings is dull and disappointing, 

 but the interiors of the churches are exceedingly 

 interesting. Pop. 12,100; of commune, 60,573. 



Possibly a Thessalian settlement, afterwards 

 held by the Umbrians, Ravenna passed to Rome 

 as one of the cities of Cisalpine Gaul south of the 

 Po. It first became famous under Augustus as 

 the station of the Adriatic fleet, with ClassU a 

 flourishing suburb as its ]>ort, a site marked now 

 only by a church, and separated from the sea by 

 the pine forest celebrated by Dante, Boccaccio, 

 Dryden, and Byron. Deserted by the sea, and 

 strongly entrenched by canals and marshes, 

 Kavenna became the refuge of the Emperor 

 Honorius (402), and the capital of Italy for the 

 next 350 years. Imperial until Romulus Angus- 

 tulus doffed the purple at the bidding of Odoacer 

 (see ITALY), who ruled at Ravenna 476-493, it 

 attained its greatest glory under Theodoric the 

 Ostrogoth (493-526), whose mausoleum (La 

 Rotonda) now empty is without the walls. 

 Conquered by the generals of Justinian, Ravenna 

 was the seat of Exarchs (q. v. ) from Constantinople 

 until 752, when it was taken by the Lombards, 

 and afterwards by the Franks, by whom it was 

 gifted to the pope. A republic in the early part 

 of the 13th century, governed by its own dulkes in 

 the 14th, subject to Venice after 1440, it was won 

 by Pope Julius II. in 1509, and continued papal 

 until it became national in 1860. 



Ravenna, chiefly on account of its numerous 

 ancient churches, holds a unique position as ' the 

 Pomneii of the 5th and 6th centuries' that marked 

 transitional period in early mediit-val history. There 

 are at least six churches of the time of Galla 

 Placidia (390^50), the sister of Honorius and 

 mother of Valentinian III. SS. Na/.ario e Celso 

 is her mausoleum, and there lie her brother, her 

 second husband Constantius III., and her son. 

 Theodoric, leaving, with rare religious toleration, 

 the rat lii-dra! of St Urso ( almost entirely rebuilt, 

 1734) and the other churches to the Catholics, 

 erected for his Arian Goths the basilica of St 

 Martin (nowSt Apollinare Nuovo, with its marvel 

 lous mosaic processions of martyrs added about 

 560, when it was 'reconciled') as a cathedral, a 

 baptistery (now St Maria in Cosmedin), and St 

 Teodoro (now St Spirito). St Vitale (with con- 

 temporary portraits in mosaic of the emperor and 

 Theodora) the model for Charlemagne's cathedral 

 at Aix-la-Chapelle and the magnificent basilica 

 of St Apollinare in Classe belong to the age of 

 Justinian. The round campaniles, perhaps of the 

 10th century, form another architectural feature 

 peculiar to Ravenna. 



Dante died at Ravenna, September 14, 1321, and 

 is buried there. A column, 2 miles from the walls, 

 commemorates the fall of Gaston de Foix at the 

 head of the French army of Louis XII., after a 

 bloody ami useless victory over the papal and 

 Spanish troops, April 11, 1512. Byron resided at 

 Ravenna from June 1819 to October 1821. 



Ravriishlirc, a town of Wiirtemberg, 11 miles 

 by rail NK. of l-'rii-drichshafen, on Lake Constance. 

 Pop. (1890) 12,267. 



Ravensrroft, THOMAS (1592-1640), musical 

 composer and author of Melismata (1611), and of 

 a collection of psalm-tunes for four voices, The 

 Whole Book of Psalm* ( 1621 ) by various composers. 

 Some of the tunes, such as St Davids, Canterbury, 

 Bangor, and many others, which have since become 

 popular, are by Ravensrroft himself. 



Ravenspnr. See HUMBER. 



Ravignan, GI-STAVK PRANTOISXAVIER DELA- 

 CROIX DK, a celebrated Jesuit preacher, was born 

 at Bayonne, Decemlier 2, 1795, was professor at 

 Montrouge, and became famous in 1837 as preacher 



at Notre Dame in Paris. He died 26th February 

 1858. He published an Apology of his order in 

 1844, and in 1854 a more lengthened work with 

 the same view, Clement XIII. et Clement XIV. 

 See memoirs by Poujoulat ( 1858) and De Ponleroy 

 (1860; Eng. trans. New York, 1873). 



Raviiiala. See TRAVELLER'S TREE. 



Raw al I'iiuli. a town and important military 

 station of the Punjab, lies between the rivers Indus 

 and Jhelum, 160 miles by rail NW. of Lahore. 

 Since the extension of the railway to Peshawar, 

 and since the last Afghan war, the town has in- 

 creased at a rapid rate. Pop. ( 1868 ) 28,586 ; ( 1881 ) 

 52,980; (1891) 73,460. There are an arsenal 

 ( 1883), a fort, a fine public park, several European 

 churches, including the garrison church, in which 

 Bishop Milman of Calcutta, who died here, was 

 buried (1876), and the headquarters of the Punjab 

 Northern State Railway. The place carries on an 

 active transit-trade with Cashmere and Afghan- 

 istan. Here the Sikhs surrendered after their 

 defeat at Gujrat (1849), and here too was held, 

 in 1885, a great durbar or review, at which the 

 Ameer of Afghanistan met Earl Dufferin, Gover- 

 nor-general of India. The district (area, 4861 sq. 

 m. ; pop. 820,512) contains many of the towns 

 connected with the Indian campaign of Alexander 

 the Great. The division has an area of 15,435 sq. 

 in. and a pop. of 2,520,508. 



Rawitsrll, a town of Prussia, 64 miles by rail S. 

 of Posen. Pop. 12,919. 



Ravtlinson, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE, Bart., 

 orientalist and diplomatist, was born at Chadling- 

 ton in Oxfordshire, llth April 1810, and entered 

 the East India Company's army in 1827. In 1833 

 he proceeded to Persia to assist in organising the 

 Persian army. During the six years he spent in 

 that country he began to study the cuneiform 

 inscriptions, and mode a translation of Darius' 

 famous Behistun inscription, which he published in 

 the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. After lie 

 left Persia he held command of Kandahar during 

 the trou bloiiH times of 1840-42 (see AFGHANISTAN ); 

 he was appointed political agt-nt at Bagdad in 

 1844, and consul-general there in 1851. He showed 

 great bravery in the lield,aud remarkable skill and 

 resource in diplomacy. In 1856, now made K.C.B., 

 he was appointed director of the East India Com- 

 pany. In 1858-59 he was n<,'iiiii in Persia as British 

 minister; and was successively member (1868) and 

 vice-president (1876) of the Council of India. In 

 1865-68 he sat in parliament for Frome. He held 

 the presidency of the Royal Geographical Society 

 (1871), to whose Proceedings he contributed valu- 

 able papers, a trusteeship 'of the British Museum 

 (1879), and a directorship of the Royal Asiatic 

 Society. He was made a baronet in 1891 ; and he 

 di.-.l r,th March 1895. The 'father of Assyriology,' 

 he wrote A Commentary on the Cuneiform Inscrip- 

 tions of Babylon and Assyria. ( 1850), Outline of the 

 History of Assyria, (18.V2), The Cuneiform Inscrip- 

 tions of Western Asia (with Norris and George 

 Smith, 5 vols. 1861-70), and England and Russia 

 (Jd ed. 1875). See the Life by his brother ( 1898 ). 



That brother, GEORGK BAWLUnOV, orientalist 

 and historian, was lM>rn at Cliadlington in Oxford- 

 shire in 1812, took a first-class in classics from 

 Trinity College, Oxford, in 1838, and was elected 

 a Fellow of Exeter College in 1840. In 1859 he 

 preached as Bampton Lecturer on Historical Evi- 

 dences of the Truth of the Scripture Records, and 

 two years later was chosen Camden professor of 

 Ancient History. In 1872 he was made a canon 

 of Canterbury. His historical publications cover 

 nearly the entire history of the ancient Orient. 

 The series opens with the standard edition of 

 Herodotus (4 vols. 1858-60; 3d ed. 1876), which was 



