592 



RAWMARSH 



HAZOK-BILL 



followed liv The Five Great Monarchic* of the 

 Ancient Eastern World (4 vols. 1862-87), The Sixth 

 I Oriental Monarchy of Parthia (1873), The 

 ,tU ur Aisxiiiiiiii l:injin-r (1870), History of 

 Ani-ifiit Egypt (1881), ami History of PfcnMOM 

 ( 1888). The same ground is also covert*) in part in 

 the smaller popular works, Eff'/t/t <""/ lialii/lmi //< 

 Scrii>turc antl Profane Sources (1884), Manual of 

 Ancient History (1869), Religions of the Ancient 

 1 1 '..//(/ (1882), &c. Itesides these, he has written 

 several books of biblical exposition and religious 

 criticism, as CuHtrastt of Christianity with the 

 Heathen antl Jewish Systems ( 1861 ), a series of 

 sermons preached before the university of Oxford ; 

 Esther, K/ra, Nelicmiah, &c., for The Speaker's 

 ( 'ommentary ; Exodus with a commentary (1882- 

 80) ; Motet, his Lift and Times ( 1887) ; King* of 

 Israel and Jitilah ( 1889) ; Isaac antl Jacob ( 1890) ; 

 brief essays contributed to Present Day Tracts; 

 and the article PlKENICIA in the present work. 



Rawmarsh. a town in the \\.--t Riding of 

 Yorkshire, 2J miles N. by E. of Kotherham, with 

 china and iron works, and neighbouring collieries. 

 Pop. (1851)2633; (1891) 11,983. 



Kay. a popular name applied to many of the 

 flat cartilaginous fishes or Elasmobranchs. Skate 

 ( Raia batis ), Thornlwicks ( R. clavata ), Electric Rays 

 (Torpedo), Sting-rays (e.g. Tryon), Eagle-rays 

 (e.g. Myliobatis) are representative. They lead 

 a somewhat sedentary life at the bottom of the 

 sea, moving sluggishly by undulations of the pec- 

 toral fins which form a large part of the flat body. 

 They are all carnivorous. The tme rays, of which 

 skate and thornbaek are typical and very common 

 species, form the family Raiidip. Many attain a 

 large size, sometimes measuring six feet across. 

 The flesh is edible, but strongly flavoured and not 

 very highly esteemed. See CARTILAGINOUS FISHES, 

 DEVIL-FISH, ELECTRIC FISHES, SKATE. 



Kay. or WHAV, JOHN, naturalist, was born at 

 Black-Notley, near Brain tree, in Essex, 29th 

 November 1628. From Braintree free-school he 

 went up to Cambridge, where he was fellow, Greek 

 lecturer, mathematical tutor, and junior dean in 

 Trinity College, but after a time began to devote 

 himself en lively to the study of natural history. 

 At the Restoration he accepted Episcopal ordina- 

 tion, but was ejected by the 'Black Bartholomew" 

 (1662). Thereupon, accompanied by a kindred 

 spirit, Francis vVillughby, a friend and former 

 pupil of his own, Ray travelled over most of the 

 Vnited Kingdom, collecting and investigating 

 Itotanical and zoological specimens; and in 1663 

 they started on a tour through the Low Countries, 

 Germany, Italy, and France, with a similar object, 

 \Villugliby taking the /oology under his charge, 

 and Ray the botany. In 1667 Ray was elected 

 a Fellow of the Royal Society, to whose Transac- 

 tiling he occasionally contributed valuable papers. 

 In 1672 his friend Willughby died, leaving him 

 guardian to his two sons. After several changes 

 of residence, in 1679 Ray settled down in his native 

 village, where be died, 17th January 1705. As a 

 Iiotanist and zoologist he ranks very high, the 

 classification of plants which he proposed being 

 practically in the main the foundation of what is 

 now known as the 'Natural System ' of classifica- 

 tion (see BOTANY). Ray's zoological works are 

 considered by Cuvier as the foundation of modern 

 '""l"^ r y. The chief of bis works on botany are 

 Methoans Ptantanim Nova (1682): Catalogue 

 J'liintarum Anrflitr ( 1670), the basis of all the sub- 

 sequent floras of Britain ; and Historia Plantarum 

 (3 vols. 1686-1704). His zoological works include 

 the Synopsis Methodica Animalinm (1693) and 

 three posthumous volumes on Birds, Fishes, and 

 Insect*, published by Dr Dcrhani. He was also 



the author of some theological works. His friend 

 Willugjiby, having collected the materials for an 

 extensive work on the animal kingdom, left to l;.,y 

 the task of arranging and classifying them 

 NViu.uOHBY). See Mtmorialt of Bay ( 1846), and 

 his Correspondence (1848), both edited 1>\ Dr E. 

 Lankester for the Ray Society, which was founded 

 in 1844. 



Rayahs, the Christian peasantry, labourer-, 

 and small farmers, who lived under Turkish rule, 

 or rather misrule, in the Balkan peninsula. The 

 word means 'cattle,' and as cattle these |-ople 

 were treated by their Turkish masters in Bosnia, 

 Servia, Bulgaria, and the neighbouring stati--. 



Ka> Ifiirli. LORD, physicist. John -William 

 Strutt, third Baron Rayleigh, was Ixrni I2tb 

 November 1842, studied at Trinity College, Cam 

 bridge, and was the senior wrangler ( 1865), Smith's 

 prizeman, and fellow of his college ( 1866). He was 

 professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge 

 from 1879 to 1884 ; in 1888 succeeded Tyndall as 

 professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal 

 Institution; and is D.C.L., LL.D., and F.R'.S. 

 He has contributed much to the scientific periodi- 

 cals, edited Clerk-Maxwell's lift, and i> author of 

 The Theory tif Sound (1877-78). In 1894, with 

 Professor Ramsay, he separated from atmospheric 

 nitrogen the new gas argon hitherto undetected, 

 but constituting about 1 percent, of the atmosphere. 



Ravnouard, FRANCOIS JUSTE MAKIK, poet 

 and philologist, was lx>rn at Brignolles, 18th Sep- 

 teuiber 1761, studied at Aix, and in 1791, an advo- 

 cate and a deputy, joined the Girondins, and was 

 for a time imprisoned. His poems and tragedies 

 were successful, and in 1807 he was elected to the 

 Academy, of which he l>ecame perpetual (secretary 

 in 1817. A member of the imperial legislative 

 Inxly from 1806, he continued to produce dramas, 

 but towards the fall of the Empire turned his 

 attention to linguistic and particularly Provencal 

 studies. His researches into the origin and tran- 

 formations of this tongue led to many valuable 

 discoveries, though his theories as to the relation 

 of the language of the troubadours to the other 

 Romance tongues are not now accepted. Ray- 

 nouard died at Passy, near Paris, 27th October 

 1836. 



His chief writings are Elements de In Grammaire 

 Bomane ( 1816 ) ; Ckoix de Potties Oriijinaln den TmulM- 

 dours (6 vols. 1816-21); Qrammaire co.tnparfe del 

 Languet de F Europe Latine data Irnr /fafiport* arrr la 

 Lawme des Troubadours ( 1821 ) ; and Ltxique Koman, 

 ou Dietionnaire de la Langut det Troubadouri (0 vol. 

 1838-44). 



Razor. See BEARD, CUTLERY. 

 Razor-bill, or RAZOR- BILLED AUK (Alcn 





Razor-bill (Alea torda). 

 torda), a species of Auk (q.v.), very common on 



