594 



READER 



REALISM 



moment's comparison with it nnle* we are 

 f,K>Iish enough to rink n reference to the name 

 by which ni> conU'in|>oiary name can lm|te to stand 

 higher or shine brighter, for prone or for veree, 

 than does that <>f Shakespeare greatest contem 

 porary by the name of Shakespeare.' 



Rradt: A Nnurir (2 Tola, 1887). by hi, 



, 



brother and a nephew, in a most unhappy piroe of bio- 

 rrmphr. The UrnUtman'i Magazine lor 18K2 contain. 

 two article. by Sir W. B*ant and 'Ouida ;' and in hi. 

 MitctUnnitt (1886) U Mr Swinburne* article from the 

 "<* Ce*tr,. Rtadiana ( W82) U a cuUectum of 

 the noreluf. fragment.; mid Krtr,i,t, from b w,.rk, 

 with an introduction by Mra Ireland, apprared in 1891. 



Reader. See LAY-READER. 

 {trading* a municipal, parliamentary, and 

 county Ixiroiigli, the capital of Berkshire, on the 

 Rennet. near its influx to the Thames, :i miles by 

 rail W. of Lon.lon (bv roa<l .W, hy river 74). It-s 

 strong castle was wholly demolished by Henry II. ; 

 and the splendid Benedictine abbey, founded in 

 11-21 by Henry I., who was Imried here, is repre- 

 sented by considerable ruins and a fine gateway, 

 restored in 1861, and surrounded by public gardens. 

 Nine parliament* were held within it* hall ; and the 

 last ofits mitred abbot* was hanged by Henry VIII., 

 with two of the brethren. There are handsome 

 municipal buildings and two excellent town-halls, 

 a lofty clock-tower, a free library, concert-room, 

 museum, &c. Other buildings are the Italian 

 assize courts ( 1861 ) ; a large grammar-school ( 14Ht> ; 

 rebuilt 1870-71 ), of which Dr Valpy was long head- 

 master ; St Lawrence's Church (U:U; restored 

 1868) ; and the Royul Berkshire Hospital. Univer- 

 sity Extension (Oxford) College, Opened in 1898, 

 has accommodation for six huii'lred students ; and 

 the largest (59 acres) of three public parks was 

 gifted in 1891 by Mr G. Palmer. Heading is an 

 important mart for corn and other agricultural pro 

 duce, and has manufactures of iron, |>a|ier, sauce 

 &c., whilst two of its industrial establishments are 

 world-famous Huntley and Palmer's huge biscuit 

 factory and Sutton's seed-emi>oriiiiii. Reading 

 which' is in the diocese of Oxford, gives title to a 

 suffragan bishop. Its representation was reduced 

 from two to one in 1885, when, however, the parlia 

 mentary borough was extended. The first charte: 

 was granted by Edward III. Pop. ( 1851 ) 21,456 

 ( 1881 ) 46,054 ; ( 1891 ) 55,752 ; county borough (1891 

 60,054. Reading suffered much from the Danes 

 between 868 and 1006, and in 1643 surrendered to 

 Essex after a ten days' siege. It was the birthplace 

 Vrchhuhop Laud.'.lusticeTalfourd, and Coldwii 

 Smith, but not of Miss Edgeworth, who is often 

 claimed as a native. It has memories also o 

 Chaucer and Bunyan. 



See work* by Coatra (1802-9), Han (1816), Doran 

 (!;), and J. R Jone.(lK7"! 



Reading. a city of Pennsylvania, capital o 

 Berk" eoiinly, on the left Wnk of the Sclmylkil 

 I'.iver, /is miles by rail N\V. of Philadelphia. I 

 i- pleasantly situated on an ascending plain, am 

 from the nvighltoiiriiig hills draws its water-supply 

 and ahtimlant iron ore. The principal manufac 

 toii.- of lieading are it* iron ami steel workl 

 These include many rolling-mills, forges, foundries 

 furnaces, machine- slums, nail-works, \-o. It hat 

 also mamifoctories of shoes, hats, beer, cigars 

 leather, pa|MT, bricks, .Vc. Settled in 1748, i 

 Ix-came n city in 1847, and is the seat of an Epis 

 ropul bishop. Very many of the inhabitants arc 

 of Ci-rmiin descent,' and half the newspapers are f 

 that language. Pop. ( 181)0) 58,661 j (1900) 78,961 



KradillU. a town of Massachusetts, 12 miles 



by rail N. by \V. of lloston, with Unit. and shoe 



antl fmnitiire factories Pop. UN Nil 4'.m. 



Reading Beds. See Km KNK swi KM. 



Kradinu In. See INDUCTION. 

 Reagents. See BACTEHIA, Vol. I. p. 649 



Krai, a silver coin anil money of account in 



Spain, Mexico, and other old Spanish possessions, 

 - i he ,',th iHirt of the piastre, or }th of the /.CM In, 

 he franc of the new Spanish decimal system, and 

 is a value, varying with the exchange, of aliout 

 !Jd. The real was first coined in Spain in 14!>7. 

 t is also a money of account in Portugal, living 



the equivalent of 40 reis. In .Java it is the na 



of a weight for gold and silver articles, eomapoad' 

 ng to 17 ilwt. 14 gr. troy weight. 



Real is a term used by lawyers to desorilie the 

 mtiire of certain rights and actions. The rights of 

 in owner of property are real rights- i.e. lie has 

 a right to claim some specific thing and hold it 



against all other persons. Contractual rights, on 

 the other hand, are personal- i.e. tliey are good 

 only against the person who is boBM to perform 

 the contract. Forms of action are cliissilied 

 according to the nature of the right which is in 

 dispute. The Roman law gave an action in rem 

 for the recovery of any thing, whether movable or 

 immovable, wfiich was withheld from the peiM.n 

 entitled ; an action in jtrrxninnii was the form in 

 which compensation could l>e obtained for breach 

 of contract or other wrongful act. In Scotland, nnd 

 in other countries where the Homan law has bi-i'ii 

 studied and followed, real rights and real actions 

 are defined very much as they were defined by the 

 civilians; England has taken a course of its own. 

 At the time when the common law was taking 

 shape land was of primary importance. The owner 

 of chattels (movable things) was entitled to 

 damages if his property was detained from him or 

 converted to the nse'of another; but he had no 

 real action to recover the thing itself. A real 

 action was an action to recover land or some right 

 connected with land. Some interests in land 

 (e.g. the interest of a tenant under a lease) were 

 regarded as personal rights against the owner ; in 

 technical language the interest of a tenant for 

 years is a chattel real, or a chattel which savours 

 iif the realty. The English law of property frames 

 all its rules with reference to these somewhat 

 arbitrary distinctions. Thus, for example, on the 

 death of an owner his real properly passes at once 

 to his heir or to the devisee named in his will ; his 

 personal property (including hU chattels real) 

 passes to his executor or administrator for distribu- 

 tion among the persons named in his will or the 

 next-of kin. Heal property was formerly favoured 

 in some points by the law, but modern legislation 

 has made property of all kinds equally accessible 

 to creditors, and the rules which apply to land 

 have been considerably simplified and impiovcd. 

 Realgar. See ARSENIC. 



Realism in philosophy is diametrically op]>osed 

 to Nominalism, as involving the belief that gi-niiB 

 and species are real things, existing independently 

 of our conceptions and their expression, and that 

 these are alike actually the object of our thought* 

 when we make use of the terms. Again, as 

 op|H>sed to Idealism, the word implies an intuitive 

 cognition of the external object, instead of merely 

 a mediate and representative knowledge of it. 



In art and literature the word Uealisin or Natural- 

 ism is employed todeM lil.c a method of representa- 

 tion \\ithout idealisation, which in our day in 

 France has been raised to a system and claims a 

 monopoly of truth in'its artistic treatment of the 

 fact* of' nature and life. It claims that the 

 enthusiasms and exaggerations of romanticism must 

 give place to a period of reflection and attMMBj 

 that we must not select from the facts put liefore 

 our eyes, but merely register them and the sensa- 

 tions' they engender for themselves alone, apart 



