598 RECEIVING STOLEN GOODS 



RECORDER 



creditor being liable in a penalty of 10 if lie 

 refusal t<> sign. ThU act, however, U re|>eale(l, and 

 the IN-HIT \ie\\ i- that when the debtor lenders 



Sayment the creditor U bound tu give " |"o|'er 

 ischarge, tbe form of the discharge being regu- 

 lated by custom. In S-otland the receipt nf innney 

 cannot In' proved by witnesses where the debt wan 

 created by writing, and it is not allowed to dixpute 

 the validity of a written receipt except in case* of 

 fraud. It is only in the case of ready-money sales 

 that receipt of the price can be proved by parole. 

 See Tilsley'a Stamp Law* (3d ed. 1871 ). 



Receiving Stolen Goods. See THEFT. 



Recent Period. See POSTGLACIAL AND 

 RECENT SYSTEM. 



Recidivists, in France, are the habitual crim- 

 inal-. In 1883-84 the French government proposed 

 to -ml them to New Caledonia, giving them a 

 certain meiumre of freedom ; but against this 

 pnipoHal the Australian colonies protested moat 

 \ L-.imu-ly. See NEW CALEDONIA. 



Recife. See PKRNAMBUCO. 



Reciprocity, in Political Economy, a term for 

 an arrangement between two countries having a 

 protective tariff against other countries, to admit 

 each into the other's territories certain specified 

 taxable article* of commerce duty-free or at excep- 

 tionally light duties. The classes of articles are 

 arranged to luilance one another on one side and 

 the other. Such mutual arrangements are some- 

 times called Fair Trade (q.v.) as opposed to Free 

 Trade (q.v.) and thoroughgoing Protection (q.v.), 

 and has been advocated as lietween Hritain and 

 her colonies. Tin- mutual relation lietween Canada 

 anil the United States, advocated in 1885-91 by 

 a powerful party in Canada as well as on the 

 other nide of the frontier, proposed a complete 



com icial union Zollverein (q.v.) ; so that, while 



between Canada and the United States there 

 should IM> no tariff at all, all goods from the rest 

 of the world (including Great Uritain) should have 

 a strong protective tariff to face. See A. J. 

 Wilson's Reciprocity, &c. (1880). 



Recitative. SIM- Music, OPERA. 

 Reclamation. See WASTE LANDS. 

 ItcHns. .IK AN JACQUES&LISKK, geographer, was 



IMU-II ai Sainte l-'oi\ la (irande ((Jironde) on 15th 

 Man-li Is.'io. ami educated at Monlatil>an and under 

 Carl Kitter at Berlin. In con-euiicnce of his ex- 

 trcrni' democratic views he left France after the 

 couii tfftnl of 1K.M, and spent the next seven years 

 in England, Ireland, North and Central America, 

 and Colombia. He returned to Paris in 1858, and 



Sublished 1'ni/iii/i- a In Sierra Nevada de Saiiiti- 

 Inrlli, I isiil I, and an intioduction to the Dirlinn- 

 iinirr ill-.* i 'iiiiiiiiiiiii'x ill' In l-'niiti-r ( 1864). For lieing 

 i-oncenied in tin' Communistic outbreak of 1871 he 

 "a- banished from France, but returned under an 

 amnesty in 1879. Whilst living in exile in Swit/i-r 

 land he liegan his great masterpiece, \inircllr <lti>- 

 graphie UniverseUe (17 vols. 1870-94). A pro- 

 lessor at Brussels since 1893, he has also written a 

 great physical geograjihy entitled La Trrre('2 vols. 

 1867-68 ; Eng. trans. 1871 and 1S87 ) ; Hutoire a" tin 

 Ruineau ( 1866 ) ; besides Leu Phenomenes Terrestret 

 ( 1873 ) and Hutoire a" tine M onlay ne ( 1880). 



Recognisance is a kind of judicial bond 

 entered into with n court of record, the object of 

 which is to secure the doing of some act, as the 

 np|M>arance of witnesses at a criminal trial, or the 

 keeping of the peace by one who has threatened 

 or assaulted another. The form of it is thus: 'A I! 

 doth acknowledge to owe to our lady the Queen 

 the -HIM of ten pounds,' or some other sum, to IK- 

 levied of his goodt. if he fail in the condition 

 endorsed ; and then a condition is added, which 



states that, if the thing secured is done, then the 

 recognisance U to be void. ThU is the mode by 

 which justices of the peace secure the attendance 

 of the prosecutor and wiliies-cs at the trial of a 

 prisoner who has been committed for trial, or the 

 future good behaviour of one who has committed a 

 breach of the peace. If the thing secured is not 

 performed, then the recognisance is estreated i.e. 

 extracted and put in force, a debt of the amount 

 specified being forthwith due to the crown. 



Recoil. See CANNON, GUNNERY, MONCRIEPP 

 PITS. 



Recollets (Lat. recollect ut, 'gathered i<> 

 gether'). See FRANCISCANS, Vol. IV7 p. 793. 



Record, as a legal term, is used in the United 

 Kingdom to signify anything entered in the rolls 

 of a court, and especially the formal statements or 

 pleadings of parties in a litigation. In gcneial 

 the rule is well settled that the pleadings which 

 make up the record do not enter into details of tlie 

 evidence, but merely set forth the conclusions or 

 inferences, leaving the details of evidence to lie 

 supplied at the trial before a jury, or, if there is 

 no jury, at the hearing liefore the judge or court. 

 One of the incidents of a Court of Record is that 

 the court or judge can commit for contempt any 

 person who insults the court or wilfully obstructs 

 the business. A trial by record means that one 

 of the parties has set up some former decision of 

 the court, while the other denies that such a deci- 

 sion ever existed ; whereupon the only mode of 

 solving the question is by producing the record 

 of the former action, and so settling the dispute. 

 In Scotland the closing of the record is a step 

 which requires the sanction of the judge, who 

 closes the record after each party has said all he 

 wishes to say by way of statement and answer. 



Rccorde, ROBERT, mathematician, was liorn 

 about 1500 at Tenby, in Pembrokeshire, Wales. 

 He completed his education at Oxford, but, 

 wishing to make medicine his profession, removed 

 to Cambridge, where in 1645 he received the 

 degree of M.D. In 1547 he was in London, en- 

 gaged in the composition of The Urinal of Physic 

 (1548), and a- about the same time appointed 

 physician to Edward VI., as afterwards to Queen 

 Mary. Ten years later we find him in the debtors' 

 prison in London, where he died miserably in 1658. 

 His works are all in the form of dialogues bet ween 

 a master and his pupil, and are written in the rude 

 English of his time ; they are The Grounde of 

 Aries, teaching the Perfect \\'oork and Practice 

 of Arithmetics (1543); The Pathimye to Know- 

 ledge ( 1561 ), an abridgment of Euclid s Elements; 

 The Castle of Kium-lnli/i. rutitniniiiij Ilir Kj/ilica- 

 lion of the Sphere both Celestial and Material, 

 ( l.Vil ), an astronomical work, in which he compares 

 the Ptolemaic and Co|iernican systems ; The Whet- 

 stone of Wit (1657), a treatise upon algebra. In 

 the appreciation of the general results derivable 

 from algebraic formula 1 he is far beyond his con- 

 temporaries, with the sole exception of Vieta( q.v.). 



Recorder is a judge of a city or borough court 

 uarter sessions. He must be a barrister of 

 less than live years' standing, is appointed by 



of quarter sessions. He must be a barrister of 

 not less than live years' standing, is appointed by 

 the crown, holds ollice during good behaviour, and 

 the salary is paid by the city or liorough out of the 

 borough 'fund. He sits as sole judge of the court 



of quarter sessions for his district, but he cannot 

 grant licenses or be an official in licensing matters, 

 oi order ratios to lie levied. The recorder is not 

 (inhibited from practising at the bar, and indeed 

 his salary is usually small. He can appoint aa 

 deputy, in case of necessity, a barrister of five 

 years 1 ' standing, and, if need be, an assistant - 

 recorder. In London he is elected by the Lord 

 Mayor and aldermen, and as 'mouthpiece of the 



