H ED-EYE 



RED SEA 



605 



beaten liack and on the point of being utterly 

 routed, when the provost and townsmen of Jed- 

 burgh arrived hot from the 10 miles' march, and at 

 once set on the enemy. The Englishmen were 

 goon completely defeated, with the loss of several 

 considerable prisoners. There is a prosy ballad on 

 the subject in Scott's Border Minstrelsy. 



Red-eye, or RUDD (Leuciscus erythrophthal- 

 mtis), a lish l>elonging to the same genus as roach, 

 chub, and minnow. It is common in lakes, slow 

 rivers, and fens, in many parts of Europe and in 

 England. It much resembles the Roach (q.v. ), but 



Ked-eye or Rudd ( Leucitcus erythropht/talmut). 



i shorter and deeper. It is richly coloured, the 

 name Kudd referring to the colour of the fins, the 

 name Red-eye to that of its iris. The fish is hetter 

 eating than the roach, and sometimes attains a 

 weight of 2 Ik. 



Redlirave, RICHARD, painter, born in London 

 on 30th April 1804, in 1826 was admitted a student 

 of the Academy, and was elected an A. R. A. in 

 1840, an R.A. in 1851. From 1847 onwards he took 

 a prominent part in>art instruction, and in 1857 was 

 appointed Inspector-general of Art Schools, which 

 office, with that of Surveyor of the Royal Pictures, 

 he resigned in 1880, being then created a C.B. In 

 1882 lie was placed on the list of retired academ- 

 icians, and next year he ceased to exhihit, having 

 since 1825 contributed 145 pictures to the Academy, 

 besides forty sent elsewhere. He wrote, with his 

 brother, A Century of English Painters ( 1866), ami 

 edited several valuable catalogues. He died 14th 

 December 1888. See Memoir by his daughter (1891). 



Reding, ALOYS vox, the famous champion of 

 Swiss independence, was born in 1765, in the canton 

 of Schwyz. After serving in Spain he returned to 

 Switzerland in 1788. A captain-general of the 

 canton of Schwyz lie repulsed the French Repub- 

 licans, May 2, 1798, at Morgarten. After the 

 formation of the Helvetic Republic Reding WHS 

 one of those who eagerly worked for the restitution 

 of the old federal constitution. In 1802 he founded 

 in the eastern parts of Switzerland a league, with 

 the intention of overthrowing the central govern- 

 ment. Reding went to Paris in order to gain over 

 the First Consul, but failed. Till 1803, and again 

 after 1809, he acted as Landamman or chief- magis- 

 trate of Schwyz. He died 5th February 1818. 



Red-letter Days. See BLACK LETTER. 



Red Liquor. See CALICO-PRINTING, p. 645. 



Redoubt. See FORTIFICATION. 



Redout K:il< ; . a fortified post on the Black 

 Sea coast of Russian Caucasia, is situated in a 

 marshy region at the mouth of a small river, about 

 10 miles N. of Poti. It was the chief shipping- 

 place for Circassian girls to Turkey, and was cap- 

 tured by the British fleet in 1854. 



Redpole. See LINNET. 



Red River, the lowest western branch of the 

 Mii"i|>l>i, ri>e near the eastern bonier of New 



Mexico, flows eastward through Texas, forming the 

 entire southern boundary of Indian Territory, thence 

 south-east through Arkansas and Louisiana, and 

 enters the Mississippi below 31 N. lat. It is 1600 

 miles long, and receives numerous branches, the 

 Washita (Ouachita) the most important. It is 

 navigable for seven months to Shreveport (350 

 miles). A few miles above is the Great Raft, of 

 driftwood, which formerly blocked up the river. 



Red River of the North, a navigable river 

 of the United States and Canada, rises in Elbow 

 Lake, Minnesota, near the sources of the Mississippi, 

 and flows south and west to Breckinridge, tnen 

 north, forming the boundary between Minnesota 

 and North Dakota, and so into Manitoba and 

 through a flat country to Lake Winnipeg. Its 

 course is 665 miles (525 in the United States). 

 The Red River Settlement was the origin of Mani- 

 toba (q.v.). For the Red River Expedition, see 

 CANADA, Vol. II. p. 695, and RIEL. 



Red Root (Ceanothus), a genus of deciduous 

 shrubs of the natural order Rhamnacese. The com- 

 mon Red Root of North America (C. americanus), 

 which abounds from Canada to Florida, is a shrub 

 of two to four feet high, with beautiful thyrsi of 

 numerous small white flowers. It is sometimes 

 called New Jersey Tea, an infusion of its leaves 

 being sometimes used as tea. It serves also as an 

 astringent, and for dyeing wool of a cinnamon 

 colour. A Mexican species has blue flowers, and a 

 California kind is used for evergreen hedges. 



Redriltll, a town of Cornwall, on a hillside 

 (414 feet) in the centre of a great mining-district, 

 9 miles by rail W. by S. of Truro. It has a town- 

 hall (1850), public rooms (1861 ), a miners' hospital 

 (1863), &c. William Murdock (q.v.) here in 1792 

 first used gas for lighting purposes. Pop. (1851) 

 7095; (1871) 10,685; (1891) 10,324. 



Red Sea. The Red Sea is an ai-m of the 

 Indian Ocean, running north-north-west from the 

 Gulf of Aden, with which it communicates by the 

 Strait of Bab-el -Mandeb, 13J miles across. Its 

 length is aliout 1200 miles, and its width in the 

 central portion is between 100 and 200 miles, the 

 greatest breadth being about 205 miles ; it narrows 

 towards the southern entrance, while in the north 

 it is divided by the peninsula of Sinai into two 

 gulfs, the Gulf of Suez, 170 miles long by 30 miles 

 wide, and the Gulf of 'Akabn, 100 miles in length. 



The Arabian coasts of the Red Sea are usually 

 narrow sandy plains backed by ranges of barren 

 mountains ; the African coasts towards the north 

 are Hat and sandy, but farther south high table- 

 lands rise some distance inland, culminating 

 still farther south in the lofty mountains of 

 Abyssinia. A marked feature in the configura- 

 tion of the Red Sea is found in the large exist- 

 ing and upraised coral-reefs running parallel to 

 both the eastern and western shores, those to the 

 east being more extensive and farther from the 

 coast than those to the west ; the most important 

 are the Farisan Archipelago in the eastern reef, 

 and the large island of Damak, lying off Annesley 

 Bay, in the western reef. In addition to the islands 

 of organic formation mention may be made of the 

 volcanic group lying in 14 N. lat., the largest of 

 which, Jel>el Zugur, is 10 miles long, 7 miles wide, 

 and 2074 feet in height ; farther north, on the islet 

 of Jel>el Teir, is a volcano which was active until 

 quite recently. A dangerous reef, the Daedalus, 

 lies directly in the path of steamers in 24J N. 

 lat., and a lighthouse has been placed on it. The 

 principal harbours on the Red Sea are Mocha, 

 Hodeida, Lokeyyah, Jiddah, and Yenbo' on the 

 Arabian coast, and Massowah, Khor Nowarat, and 

 Suakim on the African coast. 



