REFORMATION 



REFORMATORIES 



615 



vidtial consciousness. This freedom was of necessity 

 only nominal, since the members of any Protestant 

 church were members only on condition of their 

 accepting the church's interpretation of the contents 

 of the Bible, and since each different church deemed 

 itself the special depositary of the only true con- 

 ception of the perfect will of God. Nevertheless, 

 it was from this attitude of the Protestant reformers 

 to the Bible that the developments of modern 

 thought sprang. A reformer like John Knox 

 would have stamped out every form of thought 

 hostile to his own synthesis of things divine and 

 human ; but it was not in the power of the Pro- 

 testant system to do what had been so effectually 

 dune by the church of the middle ages. In the 

 mediaeval conception church and state made one 

 organism ; what menaced the life of the one 

 menaced the life of the other. Hence the state 

 was at the church's bidding whenever its arm was 

 needed to deal with any suggestion of heresy. But 

 having no great central head, such an organic union 

 was impossible for any Protestant church, and 

 religions error could not be regarded as a crime 

 against the existing government. So complete was 

 the revolution wrought by this changed relation of 

 church and state that toleration of different creeds, 

 and not an iron uniformity, was in time seen to lie 

 the indispensable condition of civil society. But in 

 this lies the fundamental distinction between 

 medievalism and the modern spirit. Medievalism 

 rested on the belief that society was threatened 

 if anv HI its members questioned the body of truth 

 of which the church was the custodier ; it is the 

 distinctive principle of the modern spirit that truth 

 shall be followed wherever facts are believed to 

 lead. 



For authorities on the Reformation, see the articles 

 in this work on the chief reformers, and those on 

 RENAISSANCE, CHI-RCH HISTORY, ENGLAND (CHURCH 

 OF), POPE, ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. Here we 

 simply enumerate certain important books along the 

 lines of the foregoing article, and following its order 

 of treatment. Hrvce, The Hol.v Roman Empire ; Renan, 

 Joachim de Fhrr ft I EvawrUc Eternel ( * Nouvelles Etudes 

 d'Histoire Reli^ieuse ' ), and Avrrroes el VArerroltmc; 

 J. A. Symonds, The Rrnaistniu-e in Italy; Bishop 

 Creighton, A Hittortt of the Papacy during/ the Period of 

 the Reformation ; Kanke, Deutsche Geschirhte iinZeitalter 

 der Reformation ; Gieseler, Lehrhuch der Kirchen- 

 gtschichte (yols. iv. and v. in trans, published byT. andT. 

 Clark, under the title of A Compendium of Eccleti- 

 attical History ) ; Beard, Life of Luther ; Kostlin, Life of 

 Luther (a trans, of the abridged life is published by 

 Longman* ) ; Dollinger, T)ie Refirrmation, ihre innfre 

 Enttcickclunij und ihre Wirtungen ( the most powerful 

 statement from the Catholic point of view) ; Zeller, 

 Hittoire d' AUemairne, tome vii. (1891 ) ; M'Crie, Reforma- 

 tion in Spain; Hichelet, Hittoire de France (vols. ix.-xii.); 

 Baird, Rift of the ffuyuenots : Bnngener, Calvin, ta Vie, 

 ion (Eurre,et If* Eerits (1863); Kampschnlte, Jnhann 

 Calvin (vol. i. 1869); Burnet, History of the Reformation 

 (in Kngland); Strype, Memorials of the Reformation; 

 Kroude, HMory of Knylnnd (first four vols.); Brewer, 

 ' of Hfnrij VIII. ; Dixon, History of the Church of 

 r'.iiiilnnd from the Abolition nf the Human Jurisdiction; 

 Worsley, The Dawn of the Reformation : Its Friends and 

 ill t'oet ; Aubrey Moore, Lectures on the History of the 

 Jteformatiim ; Lee, Lectures on the Historii of the Church 

 of Scotland; Cunningham, History of the Church of 

 Scotland ; Grub, Ecclesiattical History of Sent/and ; 

 Bellesheim, History of tlic Catholic Chin-i-h' of S*;,t/and 

 (voL ii. Hunter Blair's trans. ). Seebohm's Era of the 

 Protestant Revolution, though somewhat one-sided, is an 

 excellent little handbook for the whole period. 



Reformatories and Industrial Schools. 



When the time arrived that statesmen and re- 

 formers combined to study the causes of crime with 

 the view to systematic efforts for its repression, it 

 noon Iwcame evident that the most effective method 

 would le to check the first development of it in the 

 young. Close observers agreed in the fact that by 



far the larger number of habitual criminals com- 

 menced their malpractices liefore they were twenty 

 years old, and nearly 60 per cent, when under 

 fifteen. Hanging and imprisoning did not check 

 the growth of the class of juvenile criminals. In 

 the early part of the 19th century there were said to 

 be in London two hundred flash houses frequented 

 by 6000 boys and girls, who had no means of liveli- 

 hood but thieving. Something had even at that 

 time been done to provide a better mode of dealing 

 with these young jiepple. The Marine Society, for 

 taking charge of friendless children and sending 

 them to sea, dates from 1756. The Philanthropic 

 Society's Farm School at Redhill was founded 

 ul Kin t 1788, and some other schools were no doubt 

 established not long after this ; but the first official 

 attempt to solve the difficulty was the foundation 

 of Parkhurst Reformatory, under an act of parlia- 

 ment passed in 1838. Previously to this it appears 

 to have been the practice to grant pardons to young 

 offenders on condition of their being placed under 

 the care of some charitable reformatory institution, 

 and the preamble of the act aliove named refers to 

 this practice as having proved so beneficial that 

 it was considered expedient to carry it more fully 

 into effect. It made escape from these institutions 

 or breach of their rules punishable, and converted 

 the buildings at Parkmirst, lately used as a 

 military hospital, &c., into a reformatory prison for 

 young offenders sentenced to transportation or im- 

 prisonment. Parkhurst Reformatory was in fact 

 a prison, though conducted according to a special 

 system designed more with a view to reform than 

 to punish. 



In 1854 an advance was made by enabling courts 

 to pass on a prisoner under sixteen years old a 

 direct sentence of detention in a reformatory for 

 not less than two or more than five years, in 

 addition to imprisonment in gaol for not less than 

 fourteen days. The reformatory was subject to 

 inspection by an officer appointed by the Secretary 

 of State, and the certificate of the Secretary of 

 State was necessary to make it a legal place of 

 detention. Treasury contributions towards the 

 maintenance of the reformatory were authorised, 

 and a compulsory contribution by the parent in 

 relief of the Treasury charges. In 1857 another 

 step was taken by enabling quarter sessions and 

 borough councils to contribute to the establish- 

 ment of a reformatory, providing that the plans 

 were approved by the Secretary of State. These 

 local authorities were also empowered to contract 

 with other reformatories for the reception of 

 juvenile prisoners from their jurisdictions. The 

 authorities were by this act allowed to grant 

 licenses on probation to the inmates of reformatories 

 after at least half their sentence had expired. The 

 effect of the Act of 1854 had been gradually to 

 supersede Parkhurst, so that whereas in 1849 it 

 had aliout 700 inmates, and in 1854 about 536, on 

 the 31st December 1864 there were only- 68 ; and it 

 was therefore closed in that year. In the year 1866 

 the consolidated and amended act now in force was 

 passed. It retained all the foregoing provisions. 



A sentence to reformatory is restricted to those 

 offenders who are under sixteen and not below ten 

 vears old, with the exceptions mentioned below. 

 The sentence must be not less than two nor more 

 than five years, but they must also be sentenced to 

 ten days' previous imprisonment or more. A child 

 under ten years may be sent to a reformatory only 

 if he has been previously charged with an offence 

 or sentenced by a judge or court of general quarter 

 sessions. The reformatory to which a young person 

 is to be committed is selected by the court which 

 passes the sentence, but it must if possible be con- 

 ducted according to the religious persuasion to 

 which the child belongs, and there are securities 



