REFUGEE 



REGENERATION 



621 



(127 '2 indies), or more than four atmospheres : it 

 is thus extremely rapidly volatilised at C. ; and, 

 as its latent heat of evaporation is as much as 294, 

 the production of a ton of ice would thus only 

 demand the evaporation of a minimum of 610 Ib. of 

 liquid ammonia. Liquid sulphurous acid ( boiling- 

 point, - 10-8 C. or 12-6 F. ; vap. pr. at C., 116-5 

 cm. or 46'6 inches, or about 1 J atm. ; lat. h. of 

 evap. 94 '56) is also a volatile liquid presenting 

 considerable advantages. Machines for using ether 

 have been constructed by Siebe, Siddeley and 

 Mackay, Dnvallon and Lloyd, Mulil, and others. 

 The ether is caused to evaporate rapidly by an air- 

 pump or pumps worked by steam ; it cools brine or 

 a solution of calcium chloride, and this cools the 

 water to be frozen or the air to be refrigerated ; 

 tlie ether vapour is condensed by pressure and cold 

 and used over again. Ammonia was first used by 

 Carre in 1860 ; ammonia gas driven oft' by heat 

 from its solution in water is condensed in a cooled 

 vessel under its own pressure ; the original am- 

 monia vessel is now cooled, and the liquid ammonia 

 rapidly evaporates (its vapour being absorbed), 

 chilling its surroundings. Anhydrous liquid am- 

 monia has been used by Reece and others. M. 

 Kaoul Pictet of Geneva has used sulphurous acid, 

 the evaporation of which is hastened by an air- 

 pump. The greatest difficulties in machines of 

 this nature are (apart from chemical action of the 

 liquid employed) the difficulty of making joints to 

 withstand great pressures, and the cost of con- 

 densing the evaporated refrigerant. Messrs Tessie 

 du Motay and A. I. Rossi have introduced a solution 

 of .tOO times its volume of sulphurous acid gas in 

 ordinary ether ; the sulphurous acid and the ether 

 are readily evaporated off together by the air-pump, 

 and on condensation the ether settles down first, 

 absorbing the sulphurous acid ; so that there are no 

 pressures to deal with, and no sulphuric acid pro- 

 duced which may corrode the metal, but only ethyl- 

 sulphuric acid, which does no great harm. 



The air-pump or sulphuric acid has also been 

 employed to promote the evaporation of the liquid 

 it.-'-lf which is to lie refrigerated. In Mr A. C. 

 Kirk's apparatus (British patent 1218 of 1862), and 

 in the Bell Coleman apparatus, greatly employed 

 for producing cold dry air for use in the refrigerating 

 chambers of dead-meat carrying steamers, the prin- 

 ciple is that compressed and cooled air will, when 

 allowed to expand against an external resistance, 

 MI tliat it does mechanical work during expansion, 

 lose heat equivalent to the energy which it has 

 expended. In the former the same air is alter- 

 nately compressed in one place and expanded 

 against some resistance in another. 



Porous jars, used to keep water cool, are amongst 

 the simplest kinds of refrigerating apparatus ; the 

 evaporation at the outer surface of the jar of the 

 water passing through the porous earthenware tak- 

 ing latent heat from the water (see EVAPORATION ). 



For details as to refrigerating machines, consult 

 Bondie's Ice-making Machinery ( Spon, New York ) ; 

 Boon's Dictionary of Engineering ( ' Ice-making Machines,' 

 p. 1996); Spoil's Enrnclopcedla of the Industrial Arts 

 ('Arti6cial Ice,' p. 1133). See also the articles COLD, 

 FREEZIXO MIXTURES, ICE ; and for the Refrigeration of 

 the Earth, see EARTH, TEMPKRATUUE. 



Refugee, a name given to persons who have 

 fled from religions or political persecution in 

 their own country, and taken refuge in another, 

 especially to Flemish refugees during the persecu- 

 tion by Alva in the Low Countries, and to French 

 Protestants who Hed to England in or after 1685, 

 when Louis XIV. of France revoked the Edict of 

 Nantes. See HUGUENOTS, EXTRADITION, POLITI- 

 < u. OFFENCES. 



ReKnlhllto, a town of Sicily, 25 miles WNW. 

 of Catania. Pop. 9610. 



Regalia, the ensigns of royalty, including more 

 particularly the apparatus of a coronation. The 

 crowns are described at Vol. III. p. 589. The 

 regalia, strictly so called, of England consist of the 

 crown, the sceptre with the cross, the verge or rod 

 with the dove, the so-called staff of Edward the 

 Confessor (made in reality for Charles II.), the 

 orbs of king and queen, the blunt sword of mercy 

 called Curtana, the two sharp swords of justice, 

 spiritual and temporal, the ampulla or receptacle 

 for the coronation oil, the anointing spoon (prob- 

 ably the only existing relic of the old regalia), the 

 armillie or bracelets, the spurs of chivalry, and 

 various royal vestments. All these, with the ex- 

 ception of the vestments, are now exhibited in the 

 Jewel-room in the Tower of London. Their total 

 value is estimated at 3,000,000. See BLOOD 

 (THOMAS); and W. Jones's Crowns and Corona- 

 tions: History of Repalia in all Countries (1883). 



The proper regalia of Scotland consist of the 

 crown, the sceptre, and the sword of state. For 

 the crown, see Vol. III. p. 589. The sceptre is of 

 the time of James V. ; the sword was a present 

 from Pope Julius II. to James IV. in 1507. During 

 the Civil War the regalia were removed by the 

 Earl Marischal for safe custody from the Crown- 

 room of Edinburgh Castle, their usual place of 

 deposit, to his castle of Dnnnottar (q.v.); and 

 from the Restoration to the Union the regalia 

 continued to be kept in the Crown-room as 

 formerly. From the Union till 1818 the regalia 

 remained locked in a chest in the Crown-room 

 away from public gaze ; but in 1818, an order 

 being obtained from the Prince-regent, the chest 

 in the Crown-room was broken open, and the 

 crown, sword, and sceptre' were found as they 

 had been deposited at the Union, along with a 

 silver rod of office, supposed to be that of the Lord 

 High Treasurer. They are now in the charge of 

 the officers of state for Scotland, and are exhibited 

 in the Crown-room. See Sir Walter Scott's Account 

 of the Rrgulia of Scotland (1819). 



Regality, BURGHS OF. See BOROUGH. 



Regals. See ORGAN, Vol. VII. p. 639. 



Regatta. See YACHT, ROWING. 



Regelation. See ICE. 



Regeneration is a theological expression 

 denoting the spiritual change which passes on all 

 men in becoming Christians. There are various 

 interpretations or the mode and meaning of this 

 change, but its necessity in some shape or another 

 may be said to be admitted by all branches of the 

 Christian church. By all man is supposed, as the 

 condition of his becoming truly Christian, to pass 

 from a state of nature to a state of regeneration, 

 from a state in which he obeys the mere impulses 

 of the natural life to a state in which a new and 

 higher a divine life has been awakened in him. 

 The words of our Lord to Nicodemus : ' Verily, 

 verily, I say unto thee, except a man be born 

 again, he cannot see the kingdom of God,' are 

 accepted as the expression of this universal neces- 

 sity by the Christian church. It may be further 

 stated that every branch of the Christian church 

 recognises, although under very different conditions, 

 the Holy Spirit as the author of this change. The 

 change in its real character is spiritual, and spiritu- 

 ally induced. According to a large portion of the 

 Christian church, however, the change is normally 

 involved in the rite of baptism. In the Catholic 

 view baptism constitutes always a real point of 

 transition from the natural to the spiritual life. 

 The grace of baptism is the grace of regeneration ; 

 and among the direct effects of baptism are ( 1 ) the 

 remission of all sin, original and actual ; (2) the 

 remission of the penalties due for sin both temporal 

 and eternal ; ( 3 ) the bestowal of sanctifying grace 



