REICHENBERG 



REID 



629 



compounds of carl>on and hydrogen not previously 

 known; among these were creasote (1833) and 

 paraffin. Studying with enthusiasm the subject 

 of animal magnetism, he discovered, as he thought, 

 a new force in nature, which he called Od (q.v.), 

 and conceived to be intermediate between electri- 

 city, magnetism, heat, and light, and recognisable 

 only by the nerves of sensitive persons. His chief 

 works are Geologische Mittheilungen aits Mdhren 

 (1834), Untersvchungen iiber die Dynamide des 

 Magneti&mus (1847-49), several works on 'odic 

 force' (1852-58), Aphorismen (1866), Die Odische 

 Lohe (1867). Several of his works have been 

 translated. He died at Leipzig, January 19, 1869. 

 See biographical works by Schrotter (1869) and 

 Fechner (1876). 



Reirheilberg, the chief seat of the cloth manu- 

 facture in North Bohemia, stands on the Neisse, 

 Sli miles by rail NE. of Prague. Apart from the 

 principal industry, in which, in the town and 

 neighbourhood, some 10,000 workmen are employed, 

 rcitton and woollen fabrics, machinery, and leather 

 .in- manufactured. The cloth industry was estab- 

 lUhe.l here in the 16th century. There is an im- 

 portant industrial school. Pop. (1890)31,033. 



lt<-irhfiili:ill. an Alpine spa in the extreme 



south -cast of Bavaria, 10 miles SW. of Salzburg. 

 It was almost wholly consumed by fire in 1834, and 

 hag been handsomely rebuilt. It is the chief 

 centre of the Bavarian salt-works, and in the 

 manufacture of salt ( 11,800 tons annually) its 3436 

 inhabitants are for the most part employed, though 

 the delightful air of the valley in which it stands, 

 and its saline springs, attract about 6000 visitors 

 every summer. The salt-springs are lifteen in 

 number, and lie at a depth of 80 feet ; two of them 

 yield 25 per cent, of salt. A brine conduit, 75 

 miles in length, conveys the water of the salt- 

 springs from Berchtesgaden, through Reichenhall, 

 over mountain 1 150 feet high, to Traunstein and 

 Rosenlteim, in the vicinity of which abundant 

 timlier for fuel is procurable. 



Reichstadt, DUKE OF. See NAPOLEON II. 

 Reichstag. See GERMANY, Vol. V. p. 178. 



Reid, CAPTAIN MAYNE, writer of boys' stories, 

 w i- Imrn in County Down in 1818, and at twenty 

 emigrated to America, where he led a roving and 

 adventurous life, served in the United States army 

 during the Mexican war of 1847, and distinguished 

 himself especially in the storm of Chapultepec. 

 The Hungarian struggle, in which he had meant 

 to take part, was at an end licfore he reached 

 Europe, whereupon he settled down to a literary 

 life, first at London, next in liuckinghamshirc. 

 He died October 22, 1883. His vigorous style 

 and the profusion of hairbreadth 'scapes he pro- 

 vided delighted hia breathless readers, who did 

 not stop to notice the truthfulness of his scenery 

 and the occasional excellence of the narrative 

 M vie. Among his best books were the Boy Hunter 

 (1853), the Bush Boys (1856), and the Boy Tar 

 (1860), the Scalp Hunters (1847), the Rifle Banners 

 (1850), the War Trail (1857), and the Headless 

 Horseman (1865). See the Memoir by his widow 

 (1890). 



Reid, GEORGE, P.R.S.A., was born at Aber- 

 deen, 31st October 1841. After having been trained 

 as a lithographer, he studied art in the Trustees' 

 Academy, Edinburgh, under Mollinger at Utrecht, 

 uriiler Yvon in Paris, and witli Israels at the 

 Hague. He was elected A.R.S.A. in 1870, and 

 l: -^ \. in 1877, and succeeded Sir W. F. Douglas 

 a- I' U.S.A. in 1891. He is most widely known by 

 bis portraits, which are distinguished by unflinch- 

 ing verisimilitude, vigorous handling, and thorough 

 modelling. His halt and full-lengths are remark- 



able for their individuality of attitude, for the insight 

 with which, in each case, the characteristics of the 

 sitter are expressed by the entire figure, as well as 

 by the face. Among his more important portraits 

 are ' Lord President Inglis," in the Scottish Parlia- 

 ment House; ' H. Well wood Maxwell of Munches;' 

 and 'John Mackenzie.' He has also produced 

 many rich, freely painted flower-pieces, as well as 

 landscape work of a delicate and quiet charm ; and 

 his Ixjok illustrations prove him one of the mos( 

 accomplished of living draughtsmen. 



Reid, THOMAS, head of the Scottish school of 

 Philosophy, was born on the 26th April 1710, at 

 Strachan, a country parish in Kincardineshire, 

 where his father was minister. His mother be- 

 longed to the well-known family of the Gregorys 

 (Q.V.). Reid began his education at the parish 

 school of Kincardine, and at the age of twelve he 

 became a student of Marischal College in Aber- 

 deen. He took his degree of M.A. in 1726, and 

 continued to reside in Aberdeen as college librarian, 

 his chief studies lieing mathematics and the natural 

 philosophy of Newton. In 1736 he left Aberdeen, 

 and went to England, where he was introduced to the 

 most distinguished men in Oxford, Cambridge, and 

 London. In the following year he was presented 

 by the senatus of Kings College to the parish 

 church of New Machar in Aberdeenshire. The 

 parishioners were bitterly opposed to his appoint- 

 ment, but his conduct and manner gradually won 

 them over. It is said that, from distrust of his 

 powers, instead of composing for the pulpit him- 

 self, he preached the sermons of Tillotson and other 

 English divines. In 1739 Hume's Treatise on 

 Human Nature appeared, the perusal of which gave 

 the impulse that determined Reid's future philo- 

 sophical career. He had fully adopted the idealism 

 of Berkeley, but was now revolted by the conclu- 

 sions drawn from it by Hume, and in consequence 

 was led to seek a new foundation for the common 

 notions as to a material world. In 1748 he contrib- 

 uted to the Royal Society of London a short essay 

 on Quantity. In 1752 he was appointed one of the 

 professors of Philosophy in King's College, Al>er- 

 deen, the senatus being the patrons of the chair. 

 Here he followed the established course of teaching 

 in three successive years to the same students 

 mathematics, natural philosophy, and moral philo- 

 sophy. He was the founder of a Literary Society 

 in Aberdeen, which enrolled among its members 

 Campbell, Beattie, and other men of ability ; to 

 this society he submitted his first draft of the 

 Iin/inri/ into the Human Mind. In 1763 he was 

 chosen to succeed Adam Smith as professor of 

 Moral Philosophy in the university of Glasgow. 

 In 1764 he published his Inquiry. His thirst for 

 general science never left him ; at the age of lifty 

 five he attended Black's lectures on Heat. He 

 continued in the duties of his chair till 1780, when 

 he retired to devote his remaining strength to the 

 publication of his works on the mind. In 1785 the 

 Philosophy of the Intellectual Powers appeared, 



he 



ystematic 



In 1774 he had contributed his account of Aristotle's 

 logic to Lord Kames's Sketches. The publication 

 of the Active Powers was the close of his career as 

 an author, although to the end of his life he kept 

 up his bodily and mental vigour and his interest 

 in science. He was taken ill suddenly in the 

 autumn of 1796, and died on the 7th October. 



Like Kant, Reid was roused to metaphysical 

 research by Hume, and became the chief of a 

 school whose aim was to deliver philosophy from 

 scepticism, and to do so by resting finally on prin- 

 ciples () f intuitive or a priori origin. The Scottish 

 philosophy, dominant till Sir W. Hamilton's tim 

 in Scotland, and influential in France (see RoYEB- 



o o e neecua ors appeare, 

 and in 1788 the Active Powers together forming a 

 systematic work on the science of the human mind. 



