630 



REIUATE 



REINDEER MOSS 



COLLAR!)), found a zealous defender in M'Cosh 

 (q.v.). 



8m COMMON SEXBK, SOOTTINII PUILOHOPHT ; the Life 

 br Dugald Stemui prefixed to Reids works (4 voU 1803) ; 

 theeditionby Sir \V. Hamilton ( IHffl) ; H 'Cosh'. .*o.fc 

 Pkilotophy ; and Campbell Kraacr'i monograph (1898). 



ReiKatr, a thriving market town of Surrey, 

 pleasantly situated at the southern liase of the 

 north Downs, 21 miles 3. of London. Of the 

 castle of the Earls of Warrenne little remains rave 

 a grassy mound, with large vaults or caverns be- 

 inMtli it. The church, with Transition Norman 

 piers, lint mainly Parpodtalv, contains the grave 

 of Lord Howard of KMingliam. and a library (1701) 

 with some curious MSS. and many of Evelyn's 

 books. Other buildings are the public hall (1861) 

 and the grammar-school (1675). Foxe the mar- 

 tyrologist is claimed for a resident ; and Arch- 

 bishop I'sher died here. Till 1832 Keigate 

 returned two members to parliament, and then 

 one till 1867. It was buoraoraiad as a municipal 

 borough in 1S63. Pop. (1851)4927; (1881) 18,662; 

 ( I S!U) 22,646. 



KHtfii of Terror. See DAXTON, ROBES- 



riKI'.KK. 



RHkiavik. See ICELAND. 



Kciinarus HKKMANN SAMUEL, scholar and 



tl Ionian. was born 22d December 16D4, at Ham- 

 burg. Hi 1 Minlii'd at Jena and Wittenberg, 

 travelled afterwards in Holland and England, and 

 was on his return elected rector of the school at 

 Wismar. and subsequently professor of Hebrew 

 and Matin-malic* at the gymnasium of Hamburg. 

 He died there, 1st March 1768. He is the author 

 of the so-called ' \Yolfcnhiitielsclie Kragmente eines 

 Ungenannten,' first published by Lessing in 1777. 

 These ' Fragmente,' up to that time only known 

 in MS. by a few of Keimarns' most intimate 

 friends, produced the profoundest sensation 

 throughout Ccniiany : since in them the author, 

 in the boldest and most trenchant manner, denied 

 the su|M!rnatnral origin of Christianity. Another 

 work in the same direction is bis Vornchmste 

 Wahrheiten tier Saturlichcn lieliyion ; of a mis- 

 cellaneous character are bis Primitia Winnarieiuia, 

 De Vita Fabricii, and his e<lition of Dio Cassitu. 

 See the monograph by D. F. Strauss (1860; 2d 

 ed. IN78). 

 Reims. Bi I : H KIMS. 



ItHll. See Kllim.i:, RIDING AMD DRIVING. 



KHlldccr, or CARIBOU (Kanijifcr tnrandut), a 

 specie- of deer, the only representative of the 

 genus. It is a native of the northern parts of 

 Eiiroue, Asia, and America, and was introduced 

 into Iceland in 1770. In Caithness it existed till 

 the inidilli' of the 13th century (Darling's Estim-t 

 ItritiJi \ii'iiiiiln, 1880). It is by far the most valu- 

 able of the deer, for not only are the llesh and skin 

 of much ii-i-. but the animal has long Keen domesti- 

 cated in s.- mdinav i.-i. especially amon" the Lap- 

 landers. The wild reindeer of Lapland is almost 

 equal in size to the stag, but there are great 

 differences of size in dill'erent districts, the largest 

 sue IK-MI", generally attained in the |M>lar regions. 

 The doiiieaiicaUnl animal is never HO large as the 

 wild one ; but that of Siberia is, like the wild one, 

 much larger than that of Lapland. The reindeer 

 is strong, somewhat heavily built, but vet very 

 swift. The hair is longer in winter, ami is gray 

 or brownish in colour. The legs are short and 

 thick. -and the broad main hoofs spread out as the 

 animitl s|M-cds over the snow, lt.-si.les the iii:iin 

 hoof*, there are two accessory lateral hoofs. The 

 head is carried horizontally, not erect as in other 

 deer. The inutile of the nose is hairy. The antlers 

 are large and are unique in living possessed by 

 both sexes. Mon-ovcr, they liegin to appear at an 



early stage in life, within a few weeks after birth, 

 and at the same time in Ixith sexes, whereas in the 

 other deer, in which only the males have antlers, 

 they do not appear liefore nine months or more 

 after birth. In the female I he antlers are sonic 

 what smaller, thinner, and less branched than in 



tl mle, and are retained through the winter 



until the breeding season in spring, after which 

 they are cast. 'The male, on the other hand,' 

 Darwin notes, 'casts his horns much earlier, 

 towanis the end of November.' There is great 

 variability in the antlers ; ' there is a " bez tine " 

 as well as a "brow tine," which are peculiar in 

 being either branched or palmate.' In summer 

 the Lapland reindeer feeds chiefly on the shoots 

 of willow and birch, while in winter it depend- 

 imiinly on lichens such us the so-called reindeer 



Reindeer (Ranyifer tarandut). 



moss. It seems that they use both their antlers 

 and their hoofs in removing the snow which hi,!es 

 their food. The animals run swiftly, but not 

 gracefully, taking long sliding strides, and their 

 hoofs snap together as they run. In their natural 

 life the reindeer are gregarious. They migrate 

 from the mountains to the lowlands in winter, and 

 return again in spring, a change in part dependent 

 on the food-supply. Moreover, by leaving the low- 

 lands in spring they free themselves from the gnata 

 and gad-llies, which trouble them very seriously. 

 It is said that the Lapps have to move their herds 

 near the coast in the summer if the health of their 

 stock is to be preserved, and sometimes an immense 

 herd will rush in a headlong race to the sea. 



In North America and elsewhere the reindeer 

 is hunted for the sake of its tlesh, fat, and bide. 

 They are shot or trapped in snow pits. The llesh 

 and fat are used in a fresh state or made into 

 pemmican. The skin is used in many ways for 

 clothing, bedding, and the like. To the Lap- 

 landers ' the reindeer serves as a substitute for 

 horse, cow, sheep, and goat,' but its domestication 

 is not very complete. It constitutes the chief part 

 of the Lapp's wealth, and some possess tame herds 

 of two thousand or more, which feed chiefly in the 

 mountainous regions in summer and in the lower 

 grounds in winter. The animal ran maintain a 

 speed of nine or ten miles an hour for a long time, 

 and can easily draw a weight of two hundred 

 pounds besides the sledge. Almost every part of 

 the dead animal is used in some way. The rein- 

 deer also yields excellent milk. 



RHlldwr lloss (Crnumyce ranyiferina or 

 C/nitniiiii riiiniifi-riiin}, a lichen of great ini|K>rtance 

 to the Laplanders and other inhabitants of the 

 northernmost regions of Europe and Asia, as form- 

 ing the chief winter food of the reindeer. It in 

 found in almost all parts of the world, but is 

 most abundant and luxuriant in the Arctic region* 



