REMAINDER 



REMBRANDT 



637 



see books on the philosophy of religion by Morell, 

 Caird, Morris, Lotze (trans.), and Sabatier (trans. 1897) ; 

 and Jevons, Introduction to the History of Religion 

 (1896). There are, besides the relevant paragraphs on 

 religion in the articles on Assyria, Babylonia, Egypt, 

 Etruria, Greece, India, Japan, Rome, &c., separate 

 articles on the various religions of the world, sects 

 Christian and other, and religious doctrines throughout 

 this work, including those on 



Fire. Rationalism. 



Idolatry. Sacrifice. 



Inspiration. Secularism. 



Magic. Serpent-worship. 



Materialism. Spiritualism. 



Mohammedanism. Theism. 



Mormons. Theology. 



Mythology. Theosophy. 



Pantheism. Transmigration. 



Parsees. Witchcraft 



Plant-lore. Zend-Avesta. 



Positivism. Zoroaster. 



Agnosticism. 



Ancestor-worship. 



Animal-worship. 



Animism. 



Anthropomorphism. 



Apologetics. 



Auguries. 



Buddhism. 



Confucius. 



Divination. 

 Fetirliism. 



Remainder is a term much used in the law of 

 England. Thus, if the owner of the fee-simple, or 

 freehold of lands, give them by will or deed to A 

 for life, and after his decease to B and his heirs, 

 the interest of B is called the remainder, because, 

 lift IT deducting A's life estate, all that remains 

 belong* to B. A remainder is distinguished from 

 a reversion in this, that in the latter case the land 

 returns or reverts to the owner himself. Re- 

 mainders are used in settlements for the purpose 

 of fixing the succession and tying up the property, 

 *o far as the law will permit. See PERPETUITY. 



Remak, ROBERT (1815-65), physician and 

 physiologist, l>ecame a professor in Berlin, and 

 distinguished himself by microscopic work in 

 pathology and embryology, and by the medical 

 application of electric currents. He wrote works 

 on the development of the vertebrates and on the 

 medical uses of electricity. 



Rembang, a town on the north coast of Java, 

 capital of a residency that has an area of 2896 

 sq. rn. and a pop. of 1,176,580. Pop. 10,000. 



Remembrancer, KINO'S or QUEEN'S, an 

 officer of the old Exchequer of England, whose duty 

 it was to remind the judges of that court at the 

 proper times that such and such things had to be 

 attended to, and also to keep certain records and 

 make out processes. Since the constitution of the 

 Supreme Court (q.v.) the queen's remembrancer 

 has been at the head of a department of the central 

 office of that court. The Scottish exchequer is still 

 presided over by the queen's and lord treasurer's 

 remembrancer. 



Rembrandt. The name ' Rembrandt ' was a 

 baptismal name only, which occurs in various 

 forms. Rembrandt's initials were R. H. i.e. Rem- 

 brandt Harmenszoon, or son of Harmen, and his 

 father's full name was Harmen Gerritszoon van 

 Rijn, or Harmen the son of Gcrrit, living on Rhine- 

 side. The local indication, van Rijn, is used in 

 deeds after 1600 A.D. Rembrandt is now often 

 called Van Rijn, but never Harmenszoon. At the 

 time of the artist's birth his family was of the lower 

 middle class, and in prosperous circumstances, 

 living at Leyden, and holding property there. 

 From tin- register of marriages and from a date on 

 an etching, Vosmaer accepts July 15, 1607, as the 

 true birth date. Rembrandt's father was a miller, 

 and his mother, Necltjen van Suydtbrouck, a baker's 

 daughter. They hail seven or eight children, of 

 whom two died young, Rembrandt being the 

 youngest but one. All the boys were brought up 

 to trade except Rembrandt, whose father wished 

 to give him a classical education ; but he had no 

 taste for Latin, so he went to learn painting in the 

 studio of Vim Swaiienhiirch, probably in his twelfth 

 or thirteenth year. Orlers says tnat he worked 

 with Van Swanenburch three years. This master 

 ne of a good family, and had visited Italy. 



Rembrandt's next master was Pieter Lastman, 

 but he stayed with Lastman only six months. He 

 probably returned to his father's house about 1623, 

 and stayed there till 1630. Already he had begun 

 to paint old age ; there are several pictures of that 

 date representing old people, as well as careful 

 studies. He began his career as an etcher very 

 early, and etched beggars and picturesque heads, 

 including his own, also a first biblical subject, 

 'Jesus presented in the Temple." There are no 

 less than thirty etchings for the year 1630, when 

 the artist was only twenty-three. In the same 

 year he migrated from Leyden to Amsterdam, 

 then a picturesque city of 100,000 inhabitants, and 

 there he set up a studio and took pupils. Already 

 one of the most industrious and productive artists 

 that ever lived, Rembrandt found time to paint 

 several biblical subjects, besides a number or por- 

 traits, and to etch forty plates in the year 1631, 

 whilst his progress in art was so rapid that he 

 painted one of bis most important masterpieces, 

 'The Anatomical Lesson,' in 1632, at the early age 

 of twenty-five. He married Saskia van Ulenburgh 

 in June 1634. She was of a good family, twenty- 

 one years old, and the youngest of nine children. 

 The pair settled in a large house in the Breed- 

 straat in Amsterdam. There is good evidence that 

 the marriage was happy, and we know Saskia by 

 the portraits her husband made of her. After 

 marriage he continued to be very industrious, even 

 the year of marriage having a harvest of several 

 religious pictures and many portraits, as well as 

 fifteen etchings. The artist was also in the habit 

 of producing many sketches and drawings. Vos- 

 maer observes that these are either studies from 

 nature or notes taken rapidly, or else embryos of 

 ideas caught as they formed themselves, with a 

 rude pen and a wash, or a few strokes of black 

 stone. 



Rembrandt had a daughter, Cornelia, born in 

 July 1638, but she died the month following. A 

 second Cornelia was born in 1640, who also died 

 young, and a son, Titus, in 1641. His father died 

 about 1632, and his mother about 1640, after 

 having been frequently portrayed by her son both 

 in painting and etching. Saskia died prematurely 

 in 1642, after only eight years of marriage. Be- 

 tween the death of his mother and that of his wife, 

 Rembrandt's activity developed itself in three 

 branches, portrait, small biblical or genre pictures, 

 and large canvases with figures the size of life. 

 The year of Saskia's death is also that of the 

 famous picture known as the 'Night Watch.' 

 An important branch of Rembrandt's artistic pro- 

 duction from 1643 to 1650 was landscape, which he 

 continued to practise more or less till 1659, both in 

 etching and painting. After the death of Saskia 

 the domestic life of the artist Itecomes obscure. 

 In 1654 his servant Hendrickie Jaghers had a child 

 by him baptised as Cornelia, and after his death 

 one Catherina van Wijck is mentioned in the 

 register as his widow, but it is unknown whether 

 she was a second or a third wife, and at what date 

 her marriage took place. It is not precisely known 

 what were the causes of Rembrandt s bankruptcy in 

 16.">6. He was an ardent collector, willing to give 

 high prices, and as his family fell into embarrassed 

 circumstances, it is likely that he helped them. 

 His art, too, became unfashionable ; but lie did not 

 relax his diligence. His collection fetched only 

 5000 florins at the sale. Vosmaer believes, how- 

 ever, that he had found evidence of a return to 

 partial prosperity, and that Rembrandt was able 

 at least to rent a commodious and handsome house 

 near the Rozengracht. After continuing to work 

 with constant energy and nndiminished power, he 

 died October 8, 1669, following his son Titus, who 

 died a year earlier. Titus left a posthumous 



