nil 



REN A IX 



REN AN 



Dre.-dcn, anil other towns of the north of Germany 

 many instance* occur of the picturesque application 

 of classic detail t<i tin- old Gothic outlines. One of 

 the most striking examples of the revival of classic 

 ait occurred in l!aaiia dining the lirst half of the 

 19th century, under the auspices of King l.oni-. He 

 caused all tlie buildings he hail Keen anil admired 

 in his travels to lx- reproduced in Bavaria. Thus, 

 tin- royal palace at Munich is tin- Pitti Palace of 

 Florence on a small scale ; St Mark's at Venice is 

 imitated in the Hvzanline Chapel Royal; and the 

 Walhalla, on the banks of the Danube, in an exact 

 com- (externally) of the Parthenon. The finest 

 building of Mulch are the Picture-gallery and 

 Sculpture gallery by Klenze, IM.I|I well adapted to 

 their purpose, and good adaptations of Italian and 

 Grecian architecture. In Vienna and Berlin there 

 are many examples of the revived Classic and 

 Gothic styles, but the Germans have always under- 

 stood the former better than the latter. The 

 mii>eiims nt Berlin, and many of the theatres of 

 ( iermany, are good examples of classic buildings. 

 The domestic architecture of Berlin is well worthy 

 of notice, many of the dwelling-houses being quite 

 equal in design to those of Paris. Of the other 

 countries of Europe the only one which deserves 

 remark for its Renaissance buildings is Russia. 

 St Petersburg is of all the cities of Europe the 

 one which best merits the title of a city of palaces, 

 l-'rom the date at which the city was founded, these. 

 are necessarily all Renaissance in character. They 

 are nearly all the works of German or Italian 

 architects', and are unfortunately, for the most 

 part, in the coldest and worst style. The orna- 

 ments of the palaces are chiefly pilasters running 

 through two stories, with broken entablatures, 

 \-c., and ornaments of the flimsiest rococo. The 

 New .Museum, by Klen/e, is, however, a marked 

 exception. In America nearly all the new build- 

 ings of importance are carried out in the Renais- 

 sance style. Many of these are of great size and 

 striking design. The town-hnll of Boston may be 

 referred to as one of the most imposing and effec- 

 tive. Another conspicuous example is the new 

 city hall of Philadelphia ((i.v.l. 



Along with architecture, during the period of 

 the Renaissance Painting and Sculpture and all 

 the other arts took their model* from the classic 

 remains which were so carefully sought for and 

 studied. All ornanianta] work, such a* owing. 

 jewellery, and metal-work of every kind, followed 

 in the same Hack. Medi.eval niches and pinnacles 

 gave place to the columns and entablatures of the 

 / classic stvles. and the saints of the middle ages 

 yielded to the gods and goddesses of juicieni Rome. 

 . irckhardt. Tin I;, i'^. trans. 



]s;,s; lu-w dl. |s'.Kii; I'at.-i. '// BefMMcMfloi (1873; 

 new ed. 1888) ; Michelet's BMoire de Francr, tome lx. ; 

 John Owen's work on the sceptics of the Renaissance; 

 Svmonds, The Brnaittance in Italy (7 vols. 1875-86); 

 Voigt, Vie Wirderbelclmna del Klattitchrn Alterthumt 

 (185!; 2d ed. 1881); Ludwig Geiger, Jtrnaiuance und 

 aamanitmut (1881); VillarP* JforAiowHt (Eng. trans. 

 1880 ) and Savonarola ( Eng. trans. 188!) ) ; Lecley /Tutor*. 

 of Rational! *m and hi Eurojxan Moral : ]>-.. .\--.~ 

 Intellectual Development of Ewroi* ; Gui*ot's History of 

 Civilisation; Lady Dilke, The Remittance of Art tn 

 France U879); Vernon Lee, Euphoriun (1884); Leader 

 Boott, The Remittance of Art in Italy ( 1883 ), and liooks 

 hy Berenson ( 1894 ) and Sv. K. Anderson ( 1HW ) ; M ilntz, 

 Hatoire de tArt pendant la Remittance ( UW6 1 ; books 

 on Renaissance Architecture in England by OoM and 

 Brown (1892 rt trq.\ and Blomfleld (1807) I and the 

 article* RIFOBMATION, HUMANISTS. Parma, ITALIAN 

 AKCHITKITI-KK, and works there cited ; as also those on 

 ABIOKTO, BoooAOTo, BBPNO, CAMPANELLA, EKA>MI s. 

 HUTTKN, MACHIAVELLI, MEDICI, I'KTBABCU, I'OLITIAN, 

 RABKI..MS, RAPHAEL, SAVONAROLA, Ac. 



ICrnnix. a town in the Belgian province "f 

 Ea*t Flan.lci-., -2r> miles by rail S. by \\ . <.f 



Ghent, carries on brew ing and dyeing, and manu- 

 factures cotton ami woollen fabrics, hate, and 

 tobacco. Pop. (18flO) 17, !_.>. 



Krlian. EKNK.ST, was I mm at the little town 

 of Treguier, in the department of Cfltes-du-Nonl 

 (Brittany), on the 27th February 1823. In his 

 Souvenir* trKnfnnre he has sought _to mark the 

 various influences that wrought in him during his 

 childhood and early youth. He was a Breton Celt 

 by his father's ancestry, a Gascon by his mother's ; 

 and all his critics have agreed with himself in recog- 

 nising in his moral and mental habit the blended, 

 characteristics of this double descent. The cent n- 

 of the life of Treguier (originally a monastic 

 village) is its minster, and to this atmosplicn- 

 of the place Renan attributes in large measim- 

 his early bent to those studies which he unceas- 

 ingly pursued for more than half a century. His 

 father, who was a sailor, died while Ernest was 

 still a child, leaving his widow in straitened cir- 

 cumstances, with the care of one daughter and 

 two sons. To his mother and sister Renan owed 

 a special debt which he has expressly acknow- 

 ledged in his Memorials of his childhood. It further 

 deepened the religious influences of his native vil- 

 lage that he remained there till his sixteenth year 

 as a pupil in its school. All his teachers were 

 priests, and he himself describes them as men of 

 primitive piety and simplicity, but wholly un- 

 uc(|uainted with the movement of things outeide 

 their own parish. The education they gave was 

 that which had been the tradition in the church 

 for the preceding two centuries. 'They taught 

 Latin in the old fashion, but above all they sought 

 to turn out good men.' 



The young Renan gave early promise of his 

 future distinction, and in 1836 he was one of the 

 lads chosen by the Ablie Dupanloup for a place 

 in the Catholic seminary of St Nicolas du Char- 

 lonnet, in Paris, conducted by himself on methods 

 entirely his own. The feelings of the boy on this 

 change from the simple life of his Breton villnjje 

 were what might be those 'of a Mussulman fnkir 

 suddenly transported into a crowded bouiefartL' 

 The one aim of the Abl>c Dupanlonp in the train- 

 ing of the youth under his charge was to turn out 

 priests with the aocomplislnnents and temper of 

 mind that would render them effective men of ilie 

 world, able to serve the church in spheres where 

 her interests could best be furthered. Dnpanloap 

 was respected and beloved by all his pupils ; but, 

 according to the nioct distinguished of them, whom 

 he afterwards came to regard as a viper he had 

 nursed in his bosom, his system was 'too little 

 rational and too little scientific.' 



The IH.V hail from the first been destined for the 

 anarch, and he proceeded regularly along the course 

 il prescribed. After three years 'rhetoric' at 

 St Nicolas du Chardonnet he was entered as a 

 student of St Sulpice, the great seminary of the 

 diocese of Paris. But before entering that seminary 

 itself and beginning his theology proper he had to 

 -Complete a two years' course of philosophy in a 

 school at Issy, which formed a branch of the great. 

 seminary of St Snlpice. His next two years, thcic- 

 fore. were sinmt at Issy near Paris, in the study 

 of such philosophical teachers as the church had 

 stamped with its approval. Descartes adapted to 

 Catholic orthodoxy, and the Scotch philosophy as 

 taught by Reid, were the main subjects of study. 

 At the conclusion of his course at Issy he was in 

 all things, personal habits and temper of thought, 

 a docile son of the church: though one of his 

 teachers had already divined the essential tendency 

 of his mind, and hail plainly told him ' that he was 

 not a Christian.' But it was the last stage of his 

 novitiate that was to show what direction he was 

 eventually to take. At St Sulpice his attention 



