64G 



RKNl>sr.i IK; 



I:I:M-|;K\VSIIIKK 



in which they exercised (heir function an general 

 critics ami MfeoUn. In- suggests an interesting and 

 evident parallel. Both gave their l>est yean to 

 tin- work of e\|H>tinding Christianity ; the one vies 

 with the other in the long .series of volumes which 

 iiinke tlie record i>f their life's labours ; the scholar- 

 ship of lH)th wax uilleil in question In their con- 

 temporaries; Uiili living in an age of religions 

 revolution were accused by extremer men of undue 

 concession to traditional opinion ; and ill the work 

 of both it is the element of a nianx sided and 

 elusive personality that distinguishes it from the 

 other work of their time. Died October 2, 1892. 



Kenan's l/ulotre tin Ori;;iir du Chrittianitme oon- 

 auts of- the following volumes : Vie de Jftut ( 1863), Let 

 Ai>6trri ( 1866 1. .SoiiU J'aul (1867). L'Antechrilt (1X73), 

 f.rt K,an : nlet ft In Setonde (fi'nfratioit Chrftimne ( 1877), 

 L'Kijtiv Chrriirnne (1878), Marr-Aurrle et la Fin du 

 Afonde Antique 1 1880), Index afnfral (188:)); its 

 great complement, /intnir- i'n I'm/Jr iFJtriirl (5 

 voU. 1887-18SM). Other writings are: Lr Lirre 

 de Job (1859); I* Cantiquc dri Cantiquet (1860); 

 l.'KfcUtiiute (1882); Hirloirt Otnfralt da Lanyuet 

 'ii/nft (18M); Motion de Pkfnicie (1K65-74); 

 tii'lfi d'Hittoirr Reli-nrusr (1856); Nourrllet Kludet 

 il'Hintnire Religieuitct (1884); Averro>i et I'Averroltme 

 (IW.'i; Kaait de Morale rt de Critique (1859) ; Melange 

 d'Hittninttde Voqaget ( 1878 ) ; Quettiont Contfmi>orainet 

 ( 1868) . La K forme InttUectuelte et Morale ( 1871 ) ; De 

 I'Oriyine an Lnniiaye ( 1863); Dialogue* Philotophiovei 

 ( 1876) ; Dramet I'hilraoiAiiiutt, including Caliban, L'Eau 

 de Jauvence, Le Pr*tre de Ntmi, L'Abbettc de Jovarre 

 ( 1888 ) ; Nourrnir* d'Knfance et de Jeunette ( 1883 ) ; Dit- 

 coun et Confrrenret ( 1887 ) ; L'Aven ir de Science ( 1890 ) ; 

 the Hilihcrt Lectures (1880) delivered in London, on 

 Tkf I<\fluei\ee of the Institution*. Thought, and Culture 

 of Rotne on Christianity ; with Victor Leclercq, the 

 Hiitoire Littfraire de France au XIV' Siirl< ; ami .'/" 

 Savr J?mriette( 1895; trans. * Brother and Sittrr, 18%). 



For critical estimates, see . Sainte-Beuvc, ffouvcaux 

 Lundit (tome ii.); Soberer, Kttidt* tvr In LitUrature 

 Oontemporaine (tome viii.); O. Monod, Lrt Maltm de 

 fHittoire (1895). See also Grant Duffs In Memoriam 

 (1893) and Mme. Darmeateter's Life of him ( 1- 



RendsblirK, a town of Sh-swic-k Holstein, 

 stands on the Baltic Canal, 19 miles \V. nf Kiel, 

 and ha- niaiiiiiarMire- of cotton, machiiiery, and 

 ehi-miejils. 1'op. 13,721. 



Keil( ; I., siirnameil 'the Good,' titular king 

 of Naples ami Sicily, the son of Louis II., Duke of 

 Anjou and Count of I'mvenee. wits lM>m in 14(*(t at 

 Angers. He failed in his rll.in- t<i make good lii.s 

 claim to the crown of Naples, gave his daughter in 

 marriage to Henry VI. of Kngland (144.">), and 

 ultimately <levote<l himself to Provencal poetry 

 and agriculture at Aix in IVoveiiee, where he died 

 regretted in 148<). See As.ior. 



Kenegade is <lefined OH one who renounces his 

 religions faith and adopts another creed, more 

 particularly one who renounces Christianity and 

 iM'ciimc* a Mit-lcm ; Imt in a wider sense the word 

 is practically synonymous with traitor that is, one 

 who deserts to the enemies of his country. A few 

 of the more notorious renegades of history may he 

 named. Hij>pias, son of Pisistratus, fought with 

 Sparta against his country Athens, and later 

 joined the Persians. OMNUvOritM, the editor of 

 Homer, another Athenian, added his |M>rsuitsions 

 to those of Ilippi.-ts to induce Xerxes to invade 

 Greece. Coriolanus led the Volsrian armies against 

 his native city Home. fnlian the Apostate was of 

 course a renegade f ron. Christianity. The Templars 

 were accused, amongst other things, of being virtu- 

 ally renegades from their faith. The Algerine 

 pirate* Ktirnamed Barlianmna (q.v.), who in the 

 Bret half of the 16th century kept the Meditcr- 

 ranean coasts in a state of i>cr|>etual terror, were 

 hv birth Greek ClmKtians Of Mitylene. Henry of 

 Navarre, fourth kinc of that name in France, re- 

 nounced the Proteatont creed after he ascended the 



throne. During the Thirty Years' War there wan 

 a prominent renegade leader on each side : Count 

 Mansfeld (II.) deserted the emperor and the Catholic 

 cause because the former treated him ill ; Pappcn 

 heini, the commander of the celebrated dragoons 

 and principal author of the sack of Magdehnrg, 

 went over from the Protestants to the Roman 

 Catholics. Archibald Campbell, seventh earl of 

 Argyll, was in 1619 declared a rebel for having 

 entered the service of the kin;: of Spain, a Roman 

 Catholic prince at war with Britain. The 'pirate' 

 Paul Join's, who during the war of American Inde- 

 pendence ravaged the coasts of Scotland, was by 

 liirth a Scotsman. Mazeppa, the Cossack chief, 

 fought against his sovereign at Pultowa in the 

 army of Charles XII. of Sweden. The Duke of 

 Riperda, who won his laurels in the service of 

 Spain (18th century), though he was by birth a 

 Dutchman, is said to have embraced Islam and led 

 the armies of Morocco against the Spaniards. 

 Omar Pasha, who distinguished himself against 

 the Russians in the Crimean war, was born a 

 Christian in Croatia, but fled to the Turks and 

 embraced Islam. Another pasha, Kinin, the hero 

 of the Equatorial Province of Africa, is a German 

 Jew, who has become a Mohammedan. The 

 redoubtable Osman Digna, who has occasioned so 

 much trouble as the Malidi's lieutenant between 

 Nile and l!ed Sea. is stated to be the son of French 

 parents, his birthplace Itonen, his real name 

 George Nisl>et (Scotch?). In literature, besides 

 plays and novels and poems dealing with person 

 ages already named, Massinger's Kenegado and 

 Byron's Siege of Corinth may be quoted as works 

 in which renegades play important parts. 



Renfrew, an ancient royal, parliamentary, and 

 municipal burgh, the county town of Renfrewshire, 

 stands on the south Lank of the Clyde, 6 miles 

 liclow Glasgow. Its charter of regality dates from 

 1396, but it was a burgh at least as early as the reign 

 of David 1. ( 1 124-53 ). A knoll called Castlehill com- 

 memorates the site of Renfrew castle, the original 

 seat of the royal house of Stewart. Anciently tha 

 chief port on the Clyde, it has still a Mnall whaif, 

 but the trade is unimportant The principal indus- 

 tries are shipbuilding and weaving. It forms one 

 of the Kilmarnock group of burghs, which return 

 one member to parliament. Pop. (1841) 2013; 

 (1881)5503; ( IS'.tl ) tiT.'.li. 



Renfrewshire, a county in the south-west of 

 Scotland, lioumled on the N. by the river and lirth 

 of Clyde, on the E. by Lanarkshire, and on the 8. 

 and W. by Ayrshire. Though only twenty-sixth 

 of the Scottish counties in regard to size, it stands 

 lillh in population. It is .'(1 miles long by 13 broad. 

 and contains 254 sq. m. or 162,428 acres, of which 

 5642 are water and foreshore. Pop. ( 1H01 ) 7H,0,->(i ; 

 (1851) 161,091; (18Mi 2ti:<,374; (1891) 290,790. 

 The surface is irregular : besides the low lands 

 fringing the Clyde, there are three principal valle\ -, 

 those of the Crvl'e, the Black Cart, and the White 

 Cart, with upland pastures and ranges of hills, the 

 highest |Kiint being the Hill of Stake (1711 feet) 

 on the birders of Ayrshire. 



Agriculture and the breeding of horses and cattle 

 are carried on with success; dairy-farming is largely 

 practised, owing to the proximity of large towns. 

 Rather less than two thirds of the whole extent 

 is arable, mainly in pasture or grass crops. The 

 minerals are coal, iron-stone, shale, and lime : 

 copper occurs at Gourock and Lochwinnoch ; and 

 in the latter parish harytes is wrought. Besides 

 mining and agriculture, numerous industries 

 llourish in various parts of the county, the princi- 

 pal In'ing the manufacture of thread, cotton, and 

 chemicals, print and bleach works, shipbuilding, 

 engineering, and sugar- refining. Renfrewshire is 



