RENTON 



REPORTING 



649 



value. The main tiling is a thorough knowledge 

 of the facts and conditions, which vary continually 

 according to the time and country with which we 

 are concerned. For other aspects of rent, see also 

 LAND LAWS, LANDLORD AND TENANT. 



Krntoil. a town of Dumbartonshire, on the 

 rinlit l>ank of the Leven, 2 miles N. by \V. of 

 Dumbarton. Founded in 1782, it has a Tuscan 

 column (1774) to the memory of the novelist 

 Smollett, who was l>orn close by, and it carries on 

 calico-printing, dyeing, and bleaching. Pop. ( 1831 ) 

 1SI>0 ; ( 1881 ) 4319 ; ( 1891 ) 5458. 



Renwick, JAMES, the last of the martyrs of the 

 Covenant, was bom at Moniaive, Dumfriesshire, 

 l.'ith February 1662. He attended Edinburgh Uni- 

 \ i-i-sitv with a view to the ministry, but was denied 

 1 1 in degree, as he refused the oath of allegiance ; 

 and, after witnessing the deaths of Cargill and 

 others of the martyrs, be resolved to embrace the 

 cause for which they suffered. He was chosen by 

 the 'Societies,' as the bands of men devoted to the 

 Covenant were called, to proceed to Holland to 

 complete his studies in 1682, was ordained at 

 (irnningen in 1683, and at once proceeded to Scot- 

 land, where his first sermon was preached at 

 Darmead Muir in the same year. His life was 

 now exposed to great hazards ; he was obliged to 

 move from place to place, and was often reduced 

 to great destitution. In 1684 he published his 

 Apologetic Declaration, for which he was outlawed. 

 When James II. came to the throne in 1685 Ren- 

 wick with 200 men went to Sanquhar, and pub- 

 lished a declaration rejecting him. A reward of 

 100 was offered for his capture, he was hunted 

 from place to place, and made many hairbreadth 

 escapes, but was at last captured in Edinburgh. 

 He was condemned and executed, 17th February 

 1688. 



See Shield's Life, Rcnwick's Choice Collection of 

 Sermotu, <tc. (1777), Simpson'i Life of Senwick (1843). 



Renwifk. JAMES, LL.D., author and physicist, 

 was born at Liverpool in 1790, and graduated at 

 Columbia College, New York, in 1807. In 1820 

 he was made professor of Chemistry and Physics 

 in that college, a position he held until 1853. In 

 1838 he was apiiointed by the United States govern- 

 ment one of the commissioners to explore the line 

 of the Ixiundary between Maine and New Bruns- 

 wick. He wrote, besides smaller text-books and 

 translations, Outlines of Natural Philosophy (1822- 

 23, the first extended work of its kind published in 

 the United States), a Treatise on the bteam-engine 

 (1830), several books on Mechanics, and Lives of 

 De Witt Clinton, Jay and Hamilton, and others. 

 He died 12th January 1863. One of his sons, 

 .lames, was architect of Grace Church and St 

 Patrick's Cathedral, New York ; other notable 

 buildings from his designs are the Smithsonian 

 Institution, Vassar College, &c. 



1C*' pairs is the legal as well as popular term 

 to denote the repairs done to a house or tenement 

 by a tenant or landlord during the currency of the 

 lease. In England the burden of repairs is at 

 common law thrown on the tenant, so that, unless 

 the lease expressly say that the landlord is to do 

 the repairs, the tenant will l>e bound to use the 

 premises fairly and to keep house property wind 

 and water tight. Usually the lease states who is 

 to do the repairs. In the lease of farms the tenant 

 in bound only to keep the house in repair, and not 

 the out-buildings, though he u bound to keep the 

 fences in repair. If the landlord is bound to do the 

 repairs, and fails to do them, the tenant is not 

 entitled to quit the premises on that account, 

 though he will lie entitled to sue the landlord for 

 damage caused by the want of repairs. In Scot- 

 land i In- landlord is bound at common law to put 



the premises into tenantable repair at the com- 

 mencement of the lease. The tenant is then bound 

 to keep them in ordinary repair, but not to keep 

 them in repair where some hurricane or extra- 

 ordinary cause has done injury. In the United 

 States the laws of the states vary; in several 

 states it is enacted that a general promise to repair 

 shall not bind the tenant to rebuild in case of 

 destruction by fire. 



Repeal. See O'CONNKLL. 



Repeating Rifle. See RIFLES. 



Repentance, STOOL OF. See STOOL OF RE- 

 PENTANCE. 



Replevin, in English law, is a form of action 

 by which goods which have been seized under a 

 distress are taken back (security being given to 

 the amount for which the goods were distrained ), 

 and the action of replevin commenced, to try the 

 legality of the seizure. 



Reporting, an important branch of journalism, 

 has already been incidentally discussed at NEWS- 

 PAPER ; the methods by which, as a rule, it is 

 practicable are dealt with at SHORTHAND. Here 

 some account of the history of parliamentary 

 reporting, in many respects the most important, is 

 given. 



Accounts of single speeches, and, at times, of 

 entire debates in the English parliament, have 

 come down to us from a very early period. The 

 earlier volumes of the Journals of the House of 

 Commons contain short notes of speeches ; the 

 later volumes record nothing but the votes and 

 proceedings. Sir Symonds d'Ewes edited the 

 .luiirii/tls of Queen Elizabeth's Parliaments; and 

 the Commons' Journals contain notes of speeches 

 in the parliaments of James I. Rushworth, assist- 

 ant-clerk in the Long Parliament, 1640, took down 

 in a species of shorthand any speech of importance; 

 and bis account of liemnrkuble Proceedings in five 

 Parliaments forms one of the most valuable por- 

 tions of his llmtnrirnl Collections. During the 

 reign of AYilliam III. a member now and then 

 sent a copy of his speech to the newspapers, for 

 printing which, however, they were sometimes 

 called to account. In the reign of Queen 

 Anne a monthly pamphlet, called the Political 

 State, gave an outline of the debates in parlia- 

 ment. In the reign of George I. the Historical 

 Register, published annually, professed to give 

 reports of parliamentary speeches. The Gentleman's 

 Magazine began a monthly publication of the 

 debates, the number for August 1735 containing a 

 report of the debate in the House of Lords on the 

 previous 23d January. Cave, the publisher, con- 

 tinued the practice in succeeding numbers, and his 

 systematic proceedings are thus described by Sir 

 John Hawkins : 'Taking with him a friend or two, 

 he found means to procure for them and himself 

 admission into the gallery of the House of Com- 

 mons, or to some concealed station in the other 

 house, and there they privately took down notes 

 of the several speeches, and the general tendency 

 ami substance of the arguments. Thus furnished, 

 Cave and his associates would adjourn to a neigh- 

 bouring tavern, and compare and adjust their 

 notes ; by means whereof, and the help of their 

 memories, they became enabled to fix at least 

 the substance of what they had lately heard and 

 remarked. The reducing this crude matter into 

 form was the work of a future day and an abler 

 hand Guthrie, the historian, whom Cave retained 

 for the purpose.' There was, however, no publica- 

 tion of the debates during the sitting of the 

 Houses ; parliament was always prorogued before 

 anything said in the course of the session was given 

 in the magazine. At first the names of the speakers 

 were cautiously indicated by the first and last 



