168 



KESINS 



promoted, and their removal gave vacancies for 

 the promotion of younger and moie efficient men. 

 This list bos practically died out; in KccemU-r 

 1890 then- were only six admirals ami six com 

 manders remaining on it, and under the Retire 

 nient Scheme of ISTO alwolute retirement accord- 

 ing to age was substituted. 



Reserves. In the organisation of the military 

 resources of most European countries the reserve 

 forces are, first, those soldiers who, having served 

 some time in the regular army, are still liable to lie 

 called upon to rejoin it when raised from a peace to 



a war establishment on hilisation; and secondly, 



those who are liable to be called upon to follow in 

 ml and third lines if the occasion requires. 

 Thus, in (id-many and Austria the regular army 

 and ita reserves have behind them the Landwehr 

 and l.andsturm. In Kntnce the Territorial Army 

 and its reserves form the second line, and in EuMBU 

 the militia takes a similar (Kwition. Liability to 

 serve in one or other of these rcsen es lasts generally 

 from al>out the age of twenty to forty-two. 



In tireat Britain there are two reserves viz. 

 the Army Reserve and the Militia Reserve. The 

 lirst consists of two classes, but the second class, 

 some 900 pensioners of Chelsea and Greenwich hos- 

 pitals, is gradually disappearing, and is not liable 

 for service out of the United Kingdom. The first- 

 class Army Resent (some 60,000 ) consists of men 

 who have served from three to eight years in the 

 regular army, anil are liable during the remainder of 

 their twelve years' term of enlistment to l>e called 

 back into the ranks in case of national danger or 

 great emergency. They can be called out for 

 twelve days' training in each year and in aid of 

 the civil jmwer, are paid 9 a year quarterly in 

 arrear, and may re-engage for a further term of 

 four years' reserve service at 4d. a day. They are 

 railed to the ranks by proclamation of Her Majesty 

 in council, the occasion being first communicated 

 to parliament if sitting. The Militia Reserve con- 

 sists of militiamen who, for an extra 1 annual 

 iMiunty, take the liability to lie called upon to 

 serve in the regular army abroad or at home when- 

 ever the army reserve is called out on permanent 

 service. Otherwise they do not serve in the regular 

 army. The rest of the Militia ( q. v.), the yeomanry, 

 and the volunteers form a second line of defence 

 for the United Kingdom in case of invasion. 



The native army of India has two reserves, active 

 and garrison. Tlie first is formed of men who have 

 served not less than five or more than twelve years 

 with the colours; the second of those who have 

 completed twenty-one years' colour service. 



A reserve, on the battlefield, is a l>ody of troops 

 held lack by the commanding officer so as to be 

 ready to meet a counter-attack, to support a 

 success, or cover a retirement. 



The Naval Reserve is the subject of a separate 

 article. 

 Reservoir. See WATER SUPPLY. 



Reshd* a town of Persia, capital of the province 

 of Ghilan. stands near the soutli-west shore of the 

 pian Sea, 1.10 miles NW. of Teheran. Silk is 

 giown anil manufactured ; and rice and tobacco 

 are cultivated. The port of the place is Knzeli, 

 on the other side of the bay on which Keshd stands, 

 and 16 miles distant. I'op. upwards of 25,000. 



Residence. See DOMICILE. 



Residuary Legatee. See LEGACY. 



Re'ftlna, a town of Italy, 4 miles SE. of Naples, 

 at the foot of Vesuvius, and facing the sea. Top. 

 13,026. Resina is built on the site of ancient 

 HerrnlaniMim, and was in part destroyed by the 

 lava outburst of 1631. 



ResillS a class of natural vegetable products 

 com|>osed of carlMin, hydrogen, ami oxygen. They 

 arc closely allied to the essential oils, all of which, 

 when exposed to the air, absoib oxygen, and 

 finally become converted into MlbktMIOM MYing 

 I lie characters of resin ; and in most cases they are 

 obtained from the plants which yield them mixed 

 with and dissolved in a corresponding essential oil. 

 Like the natural oils, the natural resins arc usually 

 mixtures of two or more distinct resins, wliicli 

 admit of separation by their unequal solubility in 

 different fluids. 



The following are the general characters of tins 

 class of compounds. At ordinary tempera! in c- 

 tliey are solid, translucent, and for the w<-\ purl 

 coloured, although some are colourless and trans- 

 pan-lit. Some are devoid of odour, while otben 

 give off an aromatic fragranc-e from the admixture 

 of an essential oil. In their crude state they never 

 crystallise, but are amorphous and brittle, breaking 

 with a conchoidal fracture ; when pun- several of 

 them limy, however, be obtained in the crystalline 

 form. They are readily melted by the action of 

 heat, and a're inflammable, burning with a white 

 smoky flame. They are usually described as non- 

 volatile, but it has been shown that common reem 

 may lie distilled in a current of superheated steam. 

 They are insoluble in water, but dissolve in alcohol, 

 ether, and the essential and fixed oils. They are 

 insulators or non-conductors of electricity, and 

 become negatively electric by friction. Many of 

 them possess acid properties, in which case their 

 alcoholic solutions redden litmus. These re-ins 

 combine with the alkalies, and form frothy soup- 

 like solutions in alkaline lyes. The resinous soaps 

 thus formed differ from ordinary soap in not being 

 precipitated by chloride of sodium. 



The resins are divisible into the hard resins, the 

 soft rfxins, and the gum-resins. The hard resins 

 are at ordinary temperatures solid and brittle; 

 they are easily pulverised, and contain little or no 

 essential oil. Under this head are included copal, 

 the varieties of lac, mastic, and sandarach. and the 

 resins of lienzoin (commonly railed giim-ben/oin), 

 jalap, guaiacum, &c. The soft resins admit of 

 being moulded by the hand, and some of them are 

 viscous and senu-tlnid, in which case they are 

 termed luilmiins. They consist essentially of solu- 

 tions of hard resins in > cntial oils, or admixture* 

 of the two. They liecome oxidised and hardened 

 by exposure to the air into the first class of resins. 

 Under this head are placed turpentine, storax, 

 balsam of copaiba, mid the balsams of Canada, 

 Pent, and Tolu. The gum-resins are the milky 

 juices of certain plants solidified by exposure to 

 air. For these, see GUM. 



The resins are very widely diffused throughout 

 the vegetable kingdom. They are generally 

 obtained by making incisions into the wood of the 

 trees which produce them; sometimes, however, 

 they exude spontaneously, and in other cases they 

 require to l>e extracted from the wood by boiling 

 alcohol. The crude resins are separated from the 

 es-cntial oils with which they are usually mixed 

 by distillation with water, the resin remaining 

 while the oil and water pass off; and from the 

 gummy and mucilaginous matters by alcohol, 

 which dissolves out the pure resins, which can be 

 precipitated from their alcoholic solution by (he 

 addition of water. The resins are extensively em- 

 ployed in medicine and the arts. 



Various fossil resins are known, of which the 

 most im|>ortant is Amlwr (q.v.). Some chemist 

 place bitumen and asphalt amongst tins class ; and 

 amongst the fossil resins descril>ed by mineralogist* 

 may be mentioned Ficbtelite, Hartite, Idnalite, 

 Ozokerite, Scheererite, Xyloretin, \c. 

 The common resin, or rosin, of commerce exnoM 



