RESPIRATORS 



RESTORATION 



667 



patient is laid on his back on a plane, inclined a 

 little from the feet upwards, and the shoulders 

 are gently raised by a firm cushion placed under 

 them, which also throws the head back. The 

 operator then grasps the patient's arms just above 

 the elbows, and raises them till they nearly meet 

 above the head. This action imitates inspira- 

 tion. The patient's arms are then turned down, 

 and firmly pressed for a moment against the sides 

 of the chest. A deep expiration is thus imitated. 

 In Howard's method the patient is laid on his 

 back with a cushion below the middle. The 

 operator kneels astride his hips, places his hands 

 with fingers spread outwards over the lower part 

 of the chest-wall, and alternately bends forward, 

 throwing his weight on the chest to imitate expira- 

 tion, anil springs back to allow the elastic recoil of 

 the chest- wall to imitate inspiration. 



Whatever method be adopted, the movements 

 must be gently, regularly, ana perseveringly carried 

 on, at the rate of from ten to fifteen times in the 

 minute ; and when the faintest natural effort at 

 respiration is observed they must nt once be timed 

 so as to reinforce and not to oppose it. In some 

 cases life has been restored under artificial respira- 

 tion when no respiratory movements have occurred 

 for an hour or even several hours. In all cases, but 

 especially in that of persons apparently drowned, 

 artificial respiration should be conducted in a 

 warm atmosphere, 90 F., or even more if possible, 

 and should be supplemented by warmth applied to 

 the body and by vigorous friction. In those 

 apparently drowned recovery is very rare after 

 complete immersion for five minutes or more. If 

 stunning or fainting has occurred at the moment 

 of immersion, so that the respiratory movements 

 have been annulled or much diminished for the 

 time, less water will have entered the lungs, and 

 the chance of recovery may be greater. In other 

 modes of death by suffocation, such as choking or 

 strangulation, the action of the heart may continue 

 longer, and restoration to life be therefore possible 

 after a longer deprivation of air. 



See the publications of the Royal Humane Society and 

 Royal National Lifeboat Institution ; various handbooks 

 on ambulance work. A resume and discussion of the 

 various methods is given by Dr B. \V. Richardson in the 

 Aeeif/>iad for 1890, p. 201. 



Respirators are worn over the mouth (oral) 

 or mouth and nose (ori-nasal) for changing the 

 properties of the air inspired. The name was 

 first given by Mr Jeffreys to an apparatus he 

 contrived about 1835 for the purpose of warming 

 the air, formed of numerous layers of fine per- 

 forated metal with wire soldered to them. Their 

 value in diminishing the risk of catching cold, 

 which in many cases is undoubted, probably de- 

 pends at least in part on their affording protection 

 to a sensitive portion of the skin ; they act, in 

 fact, as an additional article of clothing. But 

 they are of most value to those win are not able to 

 breathe through the nose in the natural way. 

 Respirators have been largely used of late years in 

 diseases of the nose, throat, lungs, &c. for impreg- 

 nating the inspired air with medicated vapours ; 

 for this purpose they are constructed with a cham- 

 ber containing a sponge or cotton-wool which is 

 kept charged with the sulwtance whose action is 

 desired (carliolie acid, creasote, eucalyptus, or pine- 

 oil, &c. ). Respirators have been also devised for 

 freeing the inspired air of impurities e.g. in the 

 ra-i- of firemen, who have to go into an atmosphere 

 strongly charged with smoke; of needle-grinders 

 and others whose work gives rise to much irritating 

 dust ; of those who are exposed to foul gases, &c. 

 See FlI.TKR. 



Respite, a temporary delay of the execution of 

 a criminal. See REPRIEVE. 



Respondentia is a loan raised by the piaster 

 of a ship, when he has no other means of doing so, 

 upon security of the cargo or goods on board the 

 snip. The contract has reference to a particular 

 voyage, and the conditions are that if the subject on 

 which the money is advanced be lost by sea, risk, or 

 superior force of the enemy the lender shall lose 

 his money ; and that if the goods arrive in safety 

 the loan shall be repaid with a greater than ordinary 

 rate of interest, called marine interest. When the 

 ship herself is hypothecated the contract is called 

 Bottomry (q.v. ). As a matter of fact the term 

 respoudentia is now seldom used, and generally 

 the expression bottomry is employed whether the' 

 vessel or her cargo or both be the security. 



Responsibility. See INSANITY, INFANT, 

 HUSBAND AND WIFE, EVIDENCE, CAPACITX 

 (LEGAL), LIABILITY. 



Responsions. See OXFORD, Vol. VII. p. 682. ; 



Rest-harrow (Otionis), a genus of plants of 

 the natural order Leguminosse, sub-order Papilion- 

 ace.T, having a 5-cleft bell-shaped calyx, the 

 standard of the corolla large and striated, the keel 

 beaked, the pod turgid and few-seeded. There are 

 many species, chiefly natives of Europe, and gener- 

 ally herbaceous or half-shrubby. The Common 

 Rest-harrow (0. arvensis) is abundant in pastures 

 and by waysides in Britain. Its lower leaves have 

 three leaflets, the upper are simple ; the flowers 

 are axillary and rose-coloured, or occasionally 

 white. The plant is half-shrubby, with somewhat 

 spiny stems ; viscid ; and its smell strong and 

 unpleasant. The roots are toug^h and woody, 

 whence its English name. It is sometimes a 

 troublesome weed, but only in neglected pastures, 

 and disappears before careful cultivation. 



Restiaeea 1 , a natural order of plants, nearly 

 allied to Cyperacere, mostly natives of the southern 

 hemisphere, and abounding at the Cape of Good 

 Hope and in Australia. They are herbaceous 

 plants, or sometimes half-shrubby, have simple 

 stems and narrow leaves, and are hard, wiry, and 

 rush-like. They have generally a creeping root- 

 stock. 



Restigoiiche, a river of Canada, rises in 

 eastern Quebec, flows south-east into New Bruns- 

 wick, then east and north-east into the Bay of 

 Chaleurs, forming part of the boundary between 

 the two provinces. Its length is about 200 miles. 



Restoration, the resumption of monarchical 

 government on the return of Charles II. to his 

 kingdom, May 29, 1660. A form of prayer for 

 that day was annexed to the Common Prayer- 

 book from then until 1859 ; and, in commemora- 

 tion of Boscobel (q.v.), 'Oak-apple Day' was long 

 also celebrated by the displaying and wearing of 

 branches and sprigs of oak, with gilded oak-apples. 



Restoration, in its true sense, means bringing 

 back or replacing what has gone ; but of late years 

 the word has come to have a new meaning. 

 Restoration now means making new imitative 

 work to take the place of decayed or fractured 

 work, and in this sense it applies to pictures, 

 sculpture, furniture, and architecture ; but as 

 applied to architecture it is allowed a still wider 

 meaning viz. the building up anew and with new 

 materials portions of buildings which have ceased 

 to exist, such new work being designed afresh in 

 imitation of what was supposed once to have 

 existed. The new meaning of the word restoration 

 only applies to works of art, including all the 

 decorative arts. The 'restoration ' of pictures anil 

 sculptures has long ago been condemned as dimin- 

 ishing the value of such works of art. For instance, 

 at the British Museum and other public gal'eries 

 it used to be the custom to employ a sculptor to 



