HE3TORATIONISTS 



RESURRECTIONISTS 



669 



these are sometimes filled up to the level of the 

 remaining portions with glue, size, and chalk, and 

 then carefully repainted with dry colour to match 

 the surrounding portions of the surface. 



The injuries of time to the various materials 

 upon which colours are laid are very various, and 

 require careful and skilful treatment. In panel 

 pictures worm-holes must be carefully filled up 

 with the last-named composition, and matched 

 with the adjacent portion as just described. If 

 the wood has split, its edges must be carefully 

 brought together, and fastened securely with 'but- 

 tons of bard wood ; or the entire back may be pro- 

 tected with a kind of grating of mahogany spare, 

 so adjusted a* to admit of a slight contraction and 

 expansion of tbe panel in varying temperatures. 

 If the panel be too far gone to admit of this treat- 

 ment, the wood is carefully removed by tenon-saws, 

 planes, and files, till only the surface of priming 

 and colour remains, which can then be remounted 

 on canvas or a fresh panel. If the picture is on 

 canvas which has become decayed, it may be 

 'relined' by having its back securely fastened, 

 by paste or glue, to a new canvas, and afterwards 

 ironed, a process which has the effect of restoring 

 evenness to a cracked surface of paint; though if 

 the artist has worked with a thick impasto the 

 raised points of colour are apt to liecome flattened, 

 and the character of the handling to be slightly 

 altered. When a fresco has to be removed from 

 a wall this is usually effected by pasting its sur- 

 face on paper, and then with a chisel slowly de- 

 taching the mortar which l>ears the colour from 

 the stones upon which it has been laid, each por- 

 tion, as it is gradually withdrawn, being coiled on 

 a large cylinder. All the operations to which we 

 have referred require extreme caution and great 

 practice for their successful accomplishment. When 

 they are entrusted to careless and untrained hands 

 damage is certain, and it is impossible to estimate 

 the immense amount of injury to works of art that 

 has lsen effected by ignorant picture-restorers. 

 Proper care of a picture, however, and preservation 

 from damp and dust, will obviate the necessity for 

 its In.- ing subjected to restoration; and such pro- 

 tection may l>e most simply effected by carefully 

 closing in its back, and by covering its surface 

 with glass, which answers all, and more than all, 

 the preservative purpose of varnish, with the addi- 

 tional advantage, that it does not chill and dis- 

 colour with time. Glass is lieing largely adopted 

 in the great public galleries, for covering even oil- 

 pictures, and it has only one disadvantage its 

 tendency to reflect the objects placed opposite it, 

 and so to interfere with the ready and complete 

 examination, as a connected whole, of the en tire sur- 

 face of a large, and especially of a dark, painting. 



Rrstorationists, a general name for those 

 who hold the belief in a general apocatastnsis, or 

 ' restoration ' of all things, in which, after a purga- 

 tion proportioned to the various moral conditions 

 of their souls at the time of death, all men would 

 be restored to the favour of God. The title itself 

 is especially associated with a Ixxly of Universalists 

 which flourished at Boston, U.S., in the first half 

 of the 19th century ; but for the doctrine, see the 

 article HELL, Vol. V. p. 631, and the articles 

 APOCATASTASIS, and UXIVKRSALISTS. 



Resurrection* This expression denotes the 

 revival of the human body in a future state after it 

 has lieen consigned to the grave. We find traces 

 of this doctrine in other religions, in Zoroastrianisni, 

 and especially in later Judaism, but the doctrine is 

 peculiarly Christian. In the earlier Hebrew Scrip- 

 tures there is no mention of it. It is not to be 

 found in the Pentateuch, in the Psalms, nor even in 

 tbe earlier prophecies. It is supposed to be alluded 



to in Isaiah (xxvi. 19), and in Ezekiel (xxxvii. ) in 

 the well-known chapter as to the revival of dry 

 bones in the valley of vision ; and in the last 

 chapter of Daniel (xii. 2) there is the distinct 

 affirmation that ' many that sleep in the dust of 

 the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, 

 and some to shame and everlasting contempt.' 

 There is also a well-known passage in Job (xix. 

 25-27) which was long thought to refer to the 

 doctrine of the resurrection of the body ; but all 

 recent criticism denies the validity of this refer- 

 ence. It is therefore not till the later Judaism 

 that the doctrine appears, and it is sometimes 

 said, doubtfully, to have been derived from 

 Persia or elsewhere. In the time of our Lord 

 it hail become a formal doctrine of the Phari- 

 sees. The general body of the Jewish people 

 seem also to have believed in it ; the Sadmicees 

 alone disputed it. It appears, in fact, to have 

 become bound up in the Jewish mind with the 

 idea of a future life, so that an argument which 

 proved the one proved the other. It should be 

 added that Mohammedanism (q.v.) cherishes gross 

 beliefs on this head. 



It remained for Christ and His apostles to reveal 

 clearly the doctrine of the resurrection of the body, 

 and to connect it with the fact of Christ's own 

 resurrection as its special evidence and pledge. 

 The following may be stated as the main points 

 involved in the doctrine as revealed in the New 

 Testament : ( 1 ) The resurrection of the dead is 

 ascribed to Christ Himself ; it will complete His 

 work of redemption for the human race (John v. 

 21 ; 1 Cor. xv. 22 * ? . ; 1 Thess. iv. 14; Rev. i. 18). 

 (2) All the dead will be raised indiscriminately to 

 receive judgment according to their works, ' they 

 that have done good, unto the resurrection of life ; 

 and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection 

 of damnation' (John v. 21-29; 1 Cor. xv. 22 ; Rev. 

 xx. 11). (3) The resurrection will take place at 

 'the last day,' by which seems to be meant the 

 close of the present world (John vi. 39, 40, xi. 24 ; 

 1 Thess. iv. 15). (4) The great event is repre 

 sented as being ushered in by the sound of a 

 trumpet, a representation probably borrowed from 

 the Jewish practice of convening assemblies by 

 sound of trumpet (1 Cor. xv. 52; 1 Thess. iv. 16). 

 (5) As to the character of the change through 

 which our bodies are raised after the lapse of ages, 

 and yet retain their identity preserved, there is 

 nothing distinctly made known. The possibility 

 of such a change was evidently a subject of argu- 

 ment in the primitive Christian age, and the apostle 

 argues strongly in its favour (1 Cor. xv. 32 sg.) 

 from occurrences which are scarcely less mysterious 

 in the natural world. 



The Gnostics denied the resurrection of the body, 

 and made the change a purely spiritual one. The 

 Catholic l>elief was greatly developed by Tertullian, 

 Jerome, and Augustine, who, however, insisted 

 that the resurrection body, though identical with 

 the original one, is a glorified body. A third view, 

 represented in ancient times by Origen, and re- 

 cently by Rothe, affirms that the spirit must 

 always have a liodily organism, and that the per- 

 fected personality necessarily assumes a spiritual- 

 ised embodiment ; in this view resurrection is 

 limited to perfected spirits. 



!Se the articles IMMORTALITY, CONDITIONAL IMMOR- 

 TALITY: also those on HEAVEN and HELL. There is a 

 full bibliography in Aider's ffistory of the Doctrine of the 

 Future Life (Phila. 1864); and see the Excursus in 

 Godet'a Commentary on St .lohn ; Westcott's Go*pcl of 

 the Remrrection ( 1866 ; 5th ed. 1884); and Macan's essay 

 on the Remrrection of Jems Christ ( 1877 ). 



Resurrectionists, or BODY-SNATCHERS, the 

 names popularly given to those who made it their 

 business to dig corpses out of their graves and sell 



