67 2 



UEUMONT 



fiinn of unclcrical lichaviour. A friend reproaching 

 liiiu with his debts, ' Cu-wtr,' said the splendid 

 young prodigal, 'at my age owed six times aa 

 iimcli as 1 <lo.' Ketz was entangled in |>olitical 

 intrigues from his ebfldbood up, ex en under the 

 watchful eye of Kichclieu, and, having lit length in 

 li;i:i obtained the coadjutorship with reversion of 

 the archbishopric of 1'ari-, he skilfully used the 

 iMtsition to make the Paris populace devoted to 

 himself. He plotted actively against Mazarin, and 

 was one of the main instigators of tin outbreak of 

 the Fronde in Octolier 1648. During the next four 

 \eai> lie rose and fell with the fortunes of his 

 party, rcceiv in:_', however, a cardinal V liat from 

 BOOM, until Hi.VJ, when he was flung into prison, 

 first at Vinccnni-s, then at Nantes. After two 

 \ears he made his escape, wandered in Spain and 

 England, ap|-ared at Koine where, it is said, he 

 secured the election of I'ope Alexander VII. and 

 at length in \W2 made his peace with Louis XIV. 

 liy resigning finally his claim to the archbishopric 

 in exchange l"or theahliacy of St Penis and restora- 

 tion to his other IxMicliccs, with arrears. He spent 

 the rest of his life mainly in quiet at Paris, at 

 <' ........ erey. and St Mihiel in I^orraine. His enor- 



mous debts, reaching to four inilliims of francs, 

 lie provided for in ItiT") l>y determining to 'live 

 for his creditor-,' making over to them his whole 

 income save 20,000 livres. He died at Paris, 24th 

 An^usl ItiT! 1 . 



K'-t/ was connected liy marriage with Mada ...... le 



Sevigiic, and figures in ii perhaps too pleasing light 

 in her delightful letters. His .l/om//;v.v, coming 

 down Imt lill Hi.Vi, throws much light on the dark 

 ami troubled intrigues of the I-'rondc, and displays 

 <]iiite remarkalile skill ill narrative and elaborate 

 character-drawing. His own character has been 

 sketched with faithful, if unkindly, truth by his 

 great antagonist, l.a Rochefoucauld, and the sum 

 of the whole is contained in the words: ' He has 

 raiseil up the greatest disorders in the state with- 

 out having formed any plan how to profit hy them.' 



The earliest edition of his masterpiece in a kind 

 iieculiar to French literature appeared at Nancy in 1717, 

 but the tir-t adequate edition was giv<>n in the 24th 

 vol. of Midland and Toujoulat's collection (1'aris, 1836). 

 Later and better editions are liy Gernzez (1844) and 

 Clmmpiillion-Figeao ( 18MM; but the best is that in the 

 cries of 'Le Orands ficrivains de la France,' edited 

 ucccs-ivcly by A. Feillct, J. (iounlault, and R. Chan- 

 U-lauze ( 10 vola., i.-ix., 1872-88). S work* by Cumier 

 <_' v In. l*!:i), Topin CM rd. 1S72), C'hantelauze (3 voU. 



!{<(/,. I! \is, nr KM/, ( III.I.KS UK, a 15th-centnry 

 moii-ter of iniijiiity, wits a Kit-ton of high rank ami 

 family connections, who distinguished himself 

 under Charles VII. in the st niggle with the English, 

 lighting by the side of the Maid at Orleans, and 

 bearing the alms-dish at the coronation of the king. 

 Hi- us mad ..... arshal of l-'nince in 1-120, and soon 

 nfier retired to his estates, where for over ten years 

 he is alleged to have indulged in the most infamous 

 orgies, having kipnapped or enticed to his castle 

 n many as l.V) children, who were sacrificed a 

 victims to his unnatural lusts or his sorceries. He 

 was at length hanged and burned at Xantcs in 

 1440, after a trial closed by his own confe ion. 

 It should I* noted that the whole story is by no 

 means free from suspicion, and, moreover, that 

 iM.th the Bishop of Nantes and the Duke .if 

 l!i it tuny were active personal enemies of II. -i/. 

 Attempt! have been mode to find in him an his- 

 torical original for ' I'.liiclieard ' by persons ignorant 

 of the world- wide diffusion of stones of forbidden 

 chamlicrs ami punishments for curiosity. See 

 rig-Could'n Book of Were- Waive* (1865). 



RetZHrh. KitiKimtrH AUGUST MORITZ, painter 

 an. I i-n^iavi-r. WOK liom in Dresden, 9th December 



1779, and studied at the academy of his native city, 

 where he l.eraiiie a proli'ss.ii in 1VJ). He died llth 

 June 1857. He has uc<|uircd great celebrity by his 

 etchings in outline of Schiller and (ioethe those of 

 liiH-the's l-'iinut being particularly well known 

 |..iiuiii-'s tales, and Shakespeare. His masterpiece 

 is ' 1'he Chess- players' (Man against Satan). 

 KetzHch likewise painted admirably in oils. 



ReiK'lllin, .ImiAXX, al-o known by his (!npc- 



i-i-d name of Cuiinin, humanist ami oin- ol the 

 lirst jiromoters of Hebrew studies in (ierinaiiy, was 

 bom At Pfor/heim in the Black Kon-t, 'Jsih Deeeni- 

 l>er 14.V). He n-ceived his earliest education at 

 Schlettstailt, and in 14T.'i wiis a]i]Hiinted travelling 

 companion to Prince Friedrich of linden. In this 

 capacity he visited Paris, where he studied Creek 

 under llermonymus of Sparta, licsidcs ns-idnously 

 jiractising tin- composition of Latin. Two \. 

 later Keuchlin went to liasel, where he continuc-d 

 his study of (ireek, and wrote his Latin dictionary, 

 Yiii-tiliiiliirins Jln-i-i/ii'iiitm (1476). In the same 

 \ear he paid a second visit to France, stuilied law 

 at Orleans (1478) and at Poitiers, then, returning 

 t.il let-many ( 14S1 ), set up as lecturer at Tiibingeii. 

 In 1483 and again in 14!X) he was in Italy on the 

 business of Duke Eberhard ; in I4ICJ we find him 

 studying Hebrew under a learned .lew, Jacob 

 .lehiel Loans, the imperial physician. In 1496 

 Keuchlin w.-nt to Heidelberg, where he became the 

 main promoter of Creeks! ml ies in ( Id man \ , though 

 not a public lecturer. In 1498 he was sent to Koine 

 by Philip the Elector-palatine, and applied himself 

 more vigorously than ever to the study of Hebrew 

 and Creek. Keuchlin returned to Stuttgart in 

 1499, and in 1"><X> obtained a judicial appointment, 

 In l.'iOO appeared his llmltim-titii L.intii'i //./<;. 

 His Hebraic studies, which embraced the pi>-t 

 biblical Jewish literature, were drawing him into 

 bitter strife with learned Jews, Jewish pros.-h I.-. 

 and the Dominicans, and directly and powerfully 

 lii-l|iing on the Iteformation. It was in 1510 that 

 Johann Pfelferkorn, a Jewish proselyte, in the 

 true spirit of a renegade, called upon princes and 

 subjects to persecute the religion of his fat In is, 

 and especially urged the emperor to burn or conlis- 

 cate all Jewish books except the Bible. Keuchlin 

 remonstrated, maintaining that no Jewish books 

 should l>e destroyed except those directly written 

 against Christianity. This tolerant attitude drew 



upon Keuchlin the enmity of the I> inicans, and 



iiarticulaily the inquisitor, Jakob von HoogstiMtdi. 

 These enemies of Keuchlin held possession of the 

 universities of Paris, Lonvain, Krtint. and Main/; 

 but all the distinguished and independent thinkers 

 JH Cermauy were on the side of the brave and 

 humane scholar. Among the Keuchlinisls we may 

 c|M>cially mention the names of I'lrieh von llntten 

 (<|.v.) and l-'ranx von Sickingen (i|.v.): and to this 

 controversy we owe the l-'./n.-.li>ln OAwMfWMD I " 

 orum (q.v.). A quarrel broke out between t'lrich 

 I )nke of \Viirtemlierg and the Swaliian League-, in 

 the course of which Keuchlin became a prisoner of 

 I Mike \Villielm of Bavaria, who. however, in 1520 

 ap|K)inte.l him professor at the university of Ingot- 

 sladt. In I.V22 the idague broke out at Ingolstadt, 

 and Keuchlin taught once more for a teim at 

 Tubingen, but soon after fell sick and died at 

 Lielwuzell, near Hirschau, on the 30th of June. 



Keuchlin edited various Greek texts, published a Gm-k 

 grammar, a whole scries of polemical pamphlctg, and a 

 satirical drama (against the Obscurantintaj, and in De 

 VrrlM Mirijlco and De A rte Cabbalistira shows a tlu-o- 

 ophioo-calihalistio tendency. Sec Lives by Barham 

 (bond. 1K43). Oeifter (1871). Horawiti (1877), and a 

 work on him hy Holstein (1888). 



Itriiinonl. AI.KHK.I) VON, a German historian, 

 was liorn at Aix-la-Chapelle on 15th August 1808, 

 and died there on 27th April 1887, having from 



