878 



REVEREND 



REVIVAL 



was stopped, but a companion succeeded in reach- 

 ing Concord. During the war he rose to lieutenant 

 colonel of artillery ; afterwanU he returned to his 

 goldsmith's work, and in 1801 founded the Revere 

 Copper Company at Canton, Massachusetts. He 

 died 10th May J81S. 11 is ride is the subject of a 

 well-known poem by Longfellow. 



Reverend (Lat reverendtu, to be respected), 

 a title of respect given to the clergy. In the 

 Anglican Church deans are 'Very Reverend;' 

 bishops, 'Right Reverend;' and archbishops, 

 'Most Reverend.' In Scotland the clergy _in 

 general are ' Reverend,' while it is the practice 

 to apply ' Very Reverend ' to the moderator of 

 the General Assembly for the time being, and 

 to the principal of a university, being a clergy- 

 man. The style Reverend is generally adopted 

 by and given to the clergy of the different 

 dissenting bodies; and in 1876 the Privy-council 

 decided on appeal that there is no law restricting 

 it to ministers of the Church of England. There 

 have, however, been instances in which some dis- 

 senting ministers have repudiated it See ADDRESS 



(FORMS OP). 



Reversion is the right to the enjoyment of 

 money, or of any kind of property, postponed until 

 or contingent on the happening of a given event. 

 Reversions are usually divided into three classes: 

 Absolute Reversion, in which the emergence of 

 the rights is certain, Contingent Reversion, and 

 Reversionary Life Interests. In the first case, 

 when the date of the emergence is also fixed, the 

 value of the reversion is dependent merely upon 

 the operations of interest (see IXTKREST). WMO 

 the date of the emergence of the reversionary 

 right is uncertain, the purchase in an individual 

 case must always be a speculation ; but if there 

 are a sufficient number of such rights, postponed 

 to event* of which there are sufficient observations 

 from which to deduce laws of average, then the 

 marketable value is easily calculated. For example, 

 it is required to know what is the immediate value 

 of 100 payable certainly on the death of a man 

 aged sixty. Here the value of the reversion is 

 100, under deduction of the prior life interest, 

 which in this case is the present value of annuity 

 equal to the interest of 100 on the life of a male 

 aged sixty. When an assurance company buys a 

 reversion, it is simply buying that which it sells 

 when it grants a policy of life assurance. In the 

 former case, however, an office, to secure ita ex- 

 penses and profits, will assume a high rate of 

 interest and a long life ; in the latter case, for the 

 same reason, it will assume a low rate and a short 

 life. By the Sale of Reversions Act, 1867, no 

 purchase of a reversion is challengeable on the 

 ground of undervalue merely. Where the rever- 

 sion is contingent, problems arise whose solution 

 requires the utmost skill on the part of the actuary. 

 For instance, B, aged thirty, wishes to borrow 100 

 on the security of a sum payable to him I'M tin- 

 of hi* surviving A, aged fifty-eight. Here the 

 security In-ing doubtful, it could only be rendered 

 marketable by assuring a sum to IK- paid in the 

 vent of B dying before A ; and there would remain 

 the important question of what this sum should 

 be, so as to cover the loan and the premiums of 

 assurance with yearly accumulations on Ixith. The 

 value of a reversionary life interest is found by 

 deducting the value of a joint life annuity from 

 the value of the annuity on the life of the survivor 

 (see the Institute of Actuaries' text -l>ook, part ii.). 



In law a reversion is that right to property which 

 remains after some particular estate has ceased 

 which bail been grant >-d by the owner. Thus, if A 

 has a life estate in B's property, and after he dies 

 the pro|n-rtv returns to It, Ii is naid to have the 



reversion or to be the reversioner. The landlord 

 of property let to a tenant is called the reversioner, 

 because t lie moment the lease determines, the whole 

 of the property and possessions vest in him. In 

 la\v reversion means the right of redemption 

 retained by a bonower over an estate disponed in 

 security. 



Reversion, a term used to descrilie the tend- 

 ency of animals and plants to show characteristics 

 of some ancestral form. Thus, horses have occa- 

 sionally transverse Larson the lea and shoulders, 

 and a blue pigeon like the wild rock-dove (Columba 

 livia ) sometimes appears even in a perfectly pare 

 breed. See ATAVISM, and DBOENEKATION. 



Review. See PERIODICAL-. 



Revilla-Gigedo. a rocky and uninhabited 

 island group in the Pacific, 400 miles west of the 

 coast of Mexico, to which it belongs. The largest 

 of the islets is 20 miles long. 



Rc*ville, ALBERT, a French Protestant theolo- 

 gian, was born at Dieppe, November 4, 1826, studied 

 .it Ceneva and Straslmrg, and was pastor of the 

 Walloon Church at Rotterdam in 1851-72. Then he 

 lived near Dieppe until his call in 1880 to the chair 

 of the History of Religions in the College of France. 



His numerous books include ilannrl cTHutoirr com- 

 parte tie la Philoiophu et de la Ktligion, baaed on 

 Scholten (1869; Eng. trans. 1864); Dt la Rfdtmption 

 (1860); Knait de Critique Beligievte (1860); Manuel 

 d" Instruction Betiuieute (1863); Hittoire du Dopmt de 

 la Diriniti dt Jerut Chritt (1869; Eng. trans. 1870); 

 ProKgomtnet de FHittoire del Rtligiont ( 1881 ; Vug, 

 trans. 1884); The Jfatire Relvjioniof Mextrn and Peru 

 (the Hibhert Lecture* for 1884); Let Rrliyiont de* 

 Peupla Xon-rmUittt (1883); and La Religion Chtnoit* 

 (1889). 



Revising Barrister. See BARRISTER. 



Revival, or REVIVAL OF RELIGION, a term 

 employed to denote an increase of faith and piety 

 in individual Christians, particularly after a period 

 of religious declension, and also an increase of reli- 

 gion in a community or neighbourhood, both 

 through the revival of those who are already reli- 

 gions, and through the conversion of the previously 

 irreligious. Such religions movements frequently 

 extend, more or less generally, over a neighliour- 

 hood, or sometimes over a country. Instances of a 

 similar kind are recorded in the Scriptures as occur- 

 ring Inrth in the history of the Jews and in the 

 early history of the Christian church, particularly 

 in the effusion of the Holy Spirit on the day of 

 rente-cost, and afterwards in connection with the 

 ministry of the aixwtles, when many were converted 

 through a single discourse, or, in other cases, 

 evidently within a short time. In the middle ages 

 revivals took place in connection with the Crusades 

 and under the auspices of the monastic orders (see 

 Ciiritrii HISTORY); and sometimes with repulsive 

 adjuncts, as in the case of the Flagellants (q.v.) 

 and the Pancing Mania (q.v.). The Reformation 

 of the 16th century, and the more partial move- 

 ment* of the same kind which preceded it, are also 

 regarded as essentially revivals of religion the 

 Reformation itself the greatest which has taken 

 place since the apostolic age. In Scotland there 

 were notable 'works' in 1625 at Irvine and Stew- 

 arton. in 1630 at Kirk-of-Shotts, and in 1638. After 

 the Reformation the next wide spread movement 

 of the kind was that in the first half of the IHth 

 century from which the Methodist cliurches origi- 

 nated. It was accompanied with many circum- 

 stances similar to those which have attended later 

 revivals of religion. The term revival did not 

 liegin to IK> commonly employed till after thU 

 period ; and the revival which took place in New 

 England and other parts of North America alxmt 

 the same time under Edwards, Bellamy, and the 



