KIU.M-H 



RHKTOH1C 



most impressive buildings in existence. There are 

 also numerous line examples of the style at Cologne 

 the Apostles' Church, St Maria iiu Capitol, 

 and St Martin's being amount the moot finished 

 examples of Rhenish architecture. The illustra- 

 tion* of the famous church of the Benedictine aldiey 

 at Lanch, near Cohlenz, explain the peculiarities of 

 plan and elevation aliove referral to. The vaults 

 in this case being small, the different spans were 

 managed (although with round arches) bv stilting 

 the springing; hut in great buildings like Spires 

 and Worms the vaults are necessarily square in 

 plan, in this round-arched style, and the nave 

 embraces in each of its bays two arches of the side 

 aisles a method also followed l>y the early Gothic 

 architects. From the use of the round arch and 

 solid walls, the exteriors are free from the great 

 mass of buttresses used in Gothic buildings, and 

 the real forms are distinctly seen (see APSE). 



RlU'Ilish Prussia (Ger. Rheinprovinz, Rhein- 

 land, or It/teinpretusen ), the most western and most 

 thickly peopled of the provinces of Prussia, lies on 

 both sides of the Rhine and the Lower Moselle, and 

 is bounded on the W. by Luxemburg, Belgium, 

 and the Netherlands. Long and narrow, it extends 

 from Cleves in the north to Saargeiniind in the 

 south, has Cologne near the middle of its area, 

 Aix -ht-Ch.ipe.lle (Aachen) and Treves near its 

 western boundary, and Coblenz (the capital), 

 Elberfeld-Bannen, and Essen near its eastern boun- 

 dary, whilst Bonn lies south-east of Cologne, and 

 Dusseldorf and Crefeld N. by \\ . of it. Area, 10,419 

 so. m. ; pop. (1885) 4,344,527 ; (1890) 4,710,313, of 

 whom about 3,400,000 are Roman Catholics, and 

 10,000 Walloons. The surface is everywhere more 

 or less mountainous, except in the extreme north, 

 reaching 2500 feet on the west of the Rhine, but 

 only 18QO on the east side. The soil of the higher 

 tracts U not very fertile, and is largely forest land ; 

 but the valleys of the Rhine, Moselle, and Nahe 

 are very fruitful, and so are the flat districts in the 

 north. Of the total area, 64 per cent, is cultivated, 

 including meadows and vineyards, and nearly 31 

 per cent, under forest. Grain, potatoes, beet-root, 

 tobacco, hops, flax, &c. are the more important 

 crops. Much wine and large quantities of vege- 

 tables are grown. More than sixteen million tons 

 of coal are mined in the year, also large quantities 

 of iron, zinc, and lead ore. The sulphur-springs of 

 Aix-la Chapelle and Burtscheid have a European 

 reputation. Industry and manufactures are pro 

 secuted with the greatest energy and success, tins 

 province ranking first in all Prussia in this respect. 

 Iron, lead, zinc, and sulphuric acid (at Essen, 

 Solingen, Remscheid, &c.); cloth and buckskin 

 (Aix-la-Chapelle and Burtscheid) ; silk, velvet, and 

 similar wares (Crefeld, Ellwrfeld Barmen, Miil- 

 heim), cottons (Cologne, Munchen-(!ladhach, and 

 Elberfeld- Barmen), linen ((.lodbaeh and Neuss), 

 leather ( Malmedy ), glass and pottery, paper, rhenii 

 cals (l)uisbiirg, Aix-la-Chapelle), soap, sugar, beer, 

 spirits, and perfume (eau de Cologne) are all manu- 

 factured on a large scale. There is a university at 

 Bonn. This province was formed in 1815 out of 

 the duchies of Cleves, Jiilich (.luliers), Gnelders, 

 and Berg, and numerous minor territories. It is 

 defended by the four fortresses of Cologne, Coblenz 

 ( KhrenhreitHtein ), Wesel, and Saarloms. 



Jtlirostat. the name given by Wheatstone to 

 an instrument for varying an electric resistance 

 between given limits. Many forms have been 

 suggested and used by Pooilfet, Jacob!. Poggen- 

 dortf, Wheatstone, ami others. The most service- 

 able is perhaps Sir W. Thomson's modification of 

 Whi'ntstone's double-cylinder rheostat. In it a 

 platinum or platinoid wire is wound round two 

 parallel cylinders, one of which is metal and the 



other of some insulating material. In any position 

 the part of the wire which is effective as a resist- 

 ance is the part that U on the insulating cylinder 

 up to where it comes in contact with the metal 

 cylinder. By means of a gearing of toothed wheels 

 ami screw shaft the two cylinders are turned simul- 

 taneously in one or the other direction, while at 

 the same time a nut travels to or fro and guides 

 the wire as it leaves the one cylinder and coils 

 itself round the other. See ELECTRICITY. 



Rhesus Monkey, or BOONDER ( ,i/m-m-.< 

 rhesus), a widely distributed and common Indian 

 monkey. Like the Entellus (q.v.) or llaiiiiinan, i' 

 is in part migratory, visiting the Himalayas in 

 summer, and sometimes found at a level of 8000 

 feet. The body is stout, the limbs are strong, the 

 skin hangs in loose folds about the neck, breast, 

 and abdomen. The hair is grayish or brownish on 

 the back and lighter lieneath ; the naked jmrts are 

 copper-coloured; the large isehial callosities are 

 bright red. It is a very intelligent and mischievous 

 monkey, and readily tamed when young. It is 



Rhesus Monkey ( Maeacut rhetus ). 



held in almost as great veneration by the native* 

 of India as the Hanuman itself ; and the killing of 

 one of these animals is apt to arouse the greatest 

 popular indignation. The monkeys live in troops 

 in the forests, chiefly in hilly districts, and visit. 

 the cultivated grounds to carry away grain and 

 other produce, which they store up for themselves 

 among rocks. The native farmers leave a share 

 for the monkeys, believing this to be necessary to 

 avert their anger, as otherwise they would next 

 year destroy the whole crop whilst green. 



Rhetoric (Gr. rh&orikl) in its broadest sense 

 may l>e regarded as the theory and practice ot 

 eloquence, whether spoken or written. It aims at 

 expounding the rules which should govern all prose 

 composition or speech designed to influence the 

 judgments or the feelings of men, and therefore 

 treats of everything that relates to lieaiity or force 

 of style, such as accuracy of expression, the struc- 

 ture of periods, and figures of speech. But in a 

 narrower sense rhetoric concerns itself with a con 

 sideration of the fundamental principles according 

 to liidi particular discourses of an oratorical kind 

 are composed. The first to reduce oratory t 

 system were the Sicilian (Jreeks; its actual founder 

 is said to have been Corax of Syracuse (,. :M) 

 B.C.). Hi- divided the sjH'eeh into live parts, proem. 

 narrative, arguments, sulmidiary remarks, mid 



