RHINE 



RHINOCEROS 



in the river approach M> closely together that in 

 many place* there U not room for the carriage- road 

 and the railway to run alongside ; tliry li;ive to 

 find a way through tunnels. Mainz ('260 feet) U 

 the head of steam lioat navigation from Rotterdam. 

 The Nali.- enters the Kliine at Bingen, the Moselle 

 at Coblenz ; from the opposite (right) side the 

 I. aim enter* just afaive Cohlenz. A few miles 

 below this town gigantic rafts are formed out of 

 smaller ones, floated down from the I Hack. Forest 

 and the woods towards Lorraine and the Palatinate. 

 and are then steered hy the nimn-nui- nn<n who 

 live on them right down to Dordrecht in Holland, 

 whore they are sold. Id-low Itonn tin* Rhine is 

 joined by the Sieg, Wupper, Kuhr, and Lippe, all 

 from the right. 



At Bonn the river enters the plains, and almost 

 immediately after pawing the Netherlands frontier 

 its delta begins. The principal arm, carrying two- 

 tliirds of the volnin>>. Hows under the name of 

 the Waal, and later the Mermede, due west past 

 Nimeguen until it reaches Dordrecht. East of the 

 BiesDosch it picks up the Maas ( Meuse ) from the left. 

 At Dordrecht the river again divides, one branch, the 

 old Maas, ninning out to sea ; the other, the Noonl, 

 going up north-west to Rotterdam, just above which 

 town it is joined by the Lek, another main arm of 

 the deltaic complex, and In-low which town it once 

 more unites with the Old Maas. The arm that 

 strikes off northward at the |K>int where the delta 

 logins soon divides, sending one branch, the Yssel, 

 due north to the Zuider Zee, which it reaches on 

 the east side near Kanipen ; the other branch is the 

 Lek, which runs into the Waal- Maas arm above 

 Rotterdam. A thin stream railed the ' Winding 

 Rhine ' leaves the Lek half- way between Arnheim 

 and Rotterdam ; but it again split-* at Utrecht into 

 two channels, of which the Old Rhine, a mere ditch, 

 comparatively speaking, manages with the help of 

 a canal and locks to straggle into the North Sea at 

 Katwyk, a little to the north-west of Leyden, 

 while the other channel, the Vecht, flows due 

 north from Utrecht until it enters the Zuider Zee, 

 a short distance from Amsterdam. For consider- 

 able distances in these delta regions the rivers are 

 only kept from overflowing the country by artificial 

 banks or dykes. 



The area drained by the Rhine is estimated 

 to be 75,773 sq. m., and its total length to be 760 

 miles, of which 550 in all are navigable. Bv 

 means of the Ludwigs Canal it is connected with 

 the Danube; the Rhone and Rhine Canal unites 

 it with the Rhone, and so with the Mediter- 

 ranean ; another canal provides a waterway be- 

 twcen it and the Marne, a tributary of the 

 Seine ; and yet a fifth unites it with tin- Znider 

 Zee at Amsterdam. The fisheries of the Rhine are 

 of considerable importance ; salmon, carp, pike, 

 sturgeon, and lampreys the fish of greatest value 

 are taken principallv near St Goar, lietween 

 Kingen and Cohlenz. The waters are partly re- 

 stocked from the fish-hatcheries of Hilningen in 

 I'pper Alsatia(see PISCICULTURE). 



< 'omtnercially and historically the Rhine is one 

 of the principal rivers of Kurope. It was the 

 BomUMr strongest bulwark against the Teutonic 

 invaders. The Romans, and after them the Franks, 

 encouraged commerce to travel up and down it* 

 waters, and kept it* channel <>|>en. Tinier 

 Charlemagne the ravages caused by the Teutons 

 having broken through the Roman guard along the 

 Rhine ami inundated (iaul were rapidly obliterated, 

 and tin- Rhine valley Wame the principal fooiiB of 

 civilisation in the early empire. K\ei-pt fa-tween 

 1697 and 1871 the Rhine was always a purely 

 lerinan river; at the |>eace of Kyswick, Alsace- 

 Ix>rraine was appropriated hv Franee. and the 

 Rhine Ix-cmnc oart of the dividing line between 



France and Germany. In 1801 Napoleon incor- 

 porated the whole of the left bank with France : 

 and in 1815 the arrangement in force before 1801 



was restored ; and after 1*71 the Rhine became once 

 more wholly (iorinan. From the day- of tlie Itoman 

 supremacy down to tin- fa-ginning of the lilth n-n 

 tiny na\igation was always more or less luimpeied 

 liy the riparian sovereigns, during the greater part 

 of the time a large numlier of duodecimo prince 

 lings, who levied vexations due- on the shipping that 

 Hailed up and down paM their towns and tcnitoii. -s. 

 From 1803 all the powers concerned, except Hol- 

 land, abolished most of the shipping dues on their 

 own ve-sels navigating the Rhine, ami Holland 

 followed suit in is:il ; lint it was not until 1st July 

 1869 that the river was declared nil absolutely free 

 waterway to the ships of all nations. The first 

 steamboat churned up its waters in 1HI7; now 

 some scores ply all tlie way fa-tween Rotterdam 

 and Main/., amf others along other stretches. More 

 than 18,000 vessels of almut 2,000,000 tons burden 

 pass the frontier town of Emmerich going up 

 stream every year. There have licen various 

 schemes for utilising the mechanical |ower of the 

 Rhine current by means of turbine- and electro 

 motors. For the political organisation (IK05-13) 

 taking its name from the Rhine, see ( 'HM-T.IIKRA- 



TION OF THE RllINK. 



RHINE-WINE indicates, strictly speaking, the 

 wines produced in the Rheingau (q.v.), the most 

 valued and costly being those of Castle Johannis- 

 lierg, Hochheini (whence the word 7/c/.-, applied in 

 England promiscuously to all white Rhine wines), 

 Rudesheim, Steinlierg, Griifenlierg, Rauenthal, 

 Marcobrunn, Aasniannshausen, and Ci-isenheim. 

 Except the wine of Assmannshausen (Assmanns- 

 hauser), which is red, these wines are of a white or 

 light golden colour, and have an exquisite bouquet 

 and a dry piquant flavour. In a wider sense the 

 term Rhine-wine includes the wines of nearly all 

 the valleys lying contiguous to the Rhine those of 

 Baden, Alsace, the Moselle, Hesse-Nassau, and the 

 Palatinate. 



See the illustrated Rhint, by K. Sticler ( Eng. trans. 

 1878; new ed. 1887); the guidebooks of Murray and 

 Baedeker; Sirarock's Kuintagen (9th ed. 1883) and I>ai 

 maleriichc and romantixhe Rhtinland (4th ed. 1865); 

 and the history of the river fruin Celtic to modern times, 

 by Mehlia (3 vnls. Berlin, 1876-79). 



Rhinoceros. This genus, representing a dis- 

 tinct family of ungulate mammals, contains only- 

 five distinct species, to which another i /.'. lariott* 

 Sclater) may be perhaps (at present, however, doubt 

 fully) added. These five species are distributed in 

 the hotter parts of the Old World as follows : Africa 

 contains two forms, which are often called the 

 'Black 'and the ' White ' rhinoceros. These terms 

 are, however, very inapt, since faith of them are of 

 black ; in colour there is but little diller- 



a grayish 



ence between R. timtts and R. bicorni*. 



They 



may, however, lie distinguished by other points 

 the first species is much larger, and has a flat 

 nose and square upper lip, while It. bicomis has 

 the upper lip prolonged so as to enable it to seize 

 and lireak off branches. Correlated with this 

 structural difference is one of habit; /.' timiit 

 grazes, while A', bicornis feeds chiefly upon shrubs. 

 A nnmlH-r of other species have been stated to 

 occur in Africa, but it appears that these 'species' 

 have lieen for the most part founded upon unim- 

 portant differences in the length of the two horns 

 with which these animals are furnished. In Asia 

 there are at least three well marked sjieeies of 

 rhinoceros. The large one-horned species, R. uni- 

 cornit, occurs only in Nepal, Bhotan, ami Assam : 

 it is a very big species. A specimen in the Zoo- 

 logical Society's Gardens measured over Id feet in 

 length and a'little more than o feet in height at 



