KHI/OCAKPS 



UHODKS 



f..|.<rlhl Itn, U*7, and 

 1KW ID th U.S. by J. I. 

 Llpptneotl Compuj. 



is extremely diverse. Cynontortitm (q.v. ), belong- 

 ing tu the Italanophoraceif, is a most interesting 

 plant, the /-'HM//IIV Metitnuin of a|>tl 

 nelebratod for arrest IM<; h;emorrhages. Other* like 

 wiae are used an styptics. Cytinu* liyimrixti* 

 (Cytinactw) grows on the ronU of species ot t'istus 

 in the south of Europe ; iU extract is used as an 

 astringent in lufinorrhageM ami d\-cni>-i\ A 

 species of Oinbrophytum ( Italanophoraccic ) springs 

 uj> suddenly after" rain in IVni, like n fungus. 

 \ arious specie* of Ralanophora abound in Northern 

 India. Tney are found in tin- Himalaya* at an 

 elevation of 10,000 feet, producing great knoU on 

 the roots of maple trees, oaks, &c. 



Khizocarps. SeeSALVi.Niv. 



Klii/oitH'. See ROOT. 



Rlli/0 poda (!r. r/itzon, 'a root,' and poda, 

 'feet'), a division of the Protozoa, in the members 

 of which the living matter of the cell flown out in 

 changeful processed as 'pseudopodia.' In other 

 word-, the rhizopods are Protozoa in which the 

 Amoeboid phase of cell-life predominates. The 

 division includes several classes, of which the most 

 important are the Lobosa, with the Amueba as 

 t\|>e. the Helio/oa or Siin-aninmlculea, the Radio- 

 laria, and the Foraminifera. See AHIKUA, FORA- 

 MIXIKKKA, PROTOZOA, RADIOLARIA. 



Rhode Island, the smallest of the 1'nited 

 States, and one of the. original thirteen states of 

 the I'nion : the state takes it* 

 IIUIIH* from thi> l\fnnil <>( Rhode 

 Island in Xarragansctt l!:iy. Its 

 length from nortli to mm is not quite 50 miles, 

 ami il wiillh is alMiut 40 miles ; land area, 1081 

 !). ill. Rliode Island has thus a l.ind surface lnit 

 little over j'.nlh asjjreat asthal of Texas, the largest 

 stale; Init, while il ranks only lliiit y foiirl h aumiiL' 

 the slates and territories ill |ioinl of iiopnl.il inn, 

 in density of population (41)7 per sc|. mile) it yields 

 only to the District of Colnmliia. Its name is 

 referred by some to a supposed resemblance of the 

 island of lihode Island to Khodes in the Mediter- 

 ranean, while by others it is considered to be a cor- 

 ruption of Jiooat Ei/liiHttt ('Red Island'), a name 

 bestowed upon this island by the early Dutch. 



There are no mountains in the state, but the 

 surface is considerably diversified. The northern 

 and eastern sections are hilly, ami the land slopes 

 toward a level region in the south. The most 

 imjiortant elevations are Woonsockct Hill, Mount 

 Ho|n-, Diamond Hill, and Hopkins Hill. The 

 coast along the Atlantic Ocean measures aUiut. 4."> 

 miles, but Narragansett Hay, which penetrates 

 inland some 30 miles, all'ords with its various 

 inlets about 350 miles of shore M-ashed by tide 

 water. The southern coast west of Point .ludith 

 is low and sandy, with numerous fine beaches, and 

 many marshes and ponds of salt water. To the 

 wc-t the shores are formed liy high rocky dill's 

 inters|.ersed with beaches of sand. Newport, 

 Narragan-ctt Pier, and Watch Hill, on the ocean 

 .ire among the most famous seaside resorts 

 of tiro country ; and Hlock Island, about 10 miles 

 SW. of Point Judith, is also a favourite watering- 

 place. 



The western juirt of the state is marked geologi- 

 cally by the Archii-an formation, which is character- 

 istic of much of New England, hut an extensive 

 coal-bearing area of the CarlKiniferous |ieriod 

 stretches under the bay across the eastern part of 

 the state into Massachusetts. Itis the most .-a-t. m 

 bed of anthracite in the I'nited States, but thus 

 far the roal which has boen inim-d ha* been of 

 inferior nimlity. Them are dc|xisitH of iron ore. 

 and excellent limestones unit granite. Trace- of 

 the terminal moraine of the glacial |x-ri<xl are 

 visible in the state, and in many places the soil is 



stony or rocky, though in some localities it is 

 moderately fertile. Agriculture, however, except 

 in the way of market -gardening, is by no means a 

 leading occupation. 



Rhode Island enjoys a maritime climate, luilder 

 and more equable than that of other jxirtions of 

 New England. The rivers of the state are of 

 little ini|M>rtance for navigation, but are of great 

 value in furnishing water-iiower, and have played 

 a prominent liart in developing the industries of 

 the state. The principal rivers are the Scckonk, 

 navigable to Pawtuclcet, the Woonasquatucket, 

 the Pawtuxet, and the Pawcatuck. 



Nc\\|Kirt has one of the finest harbours in the 

 world ; and the bay affords an extensive area of 

 safe anchorage, with excellent ports at Bristol, 

 Warren, and Providence. Formerly these places 

 enjoyed a large foreign commerce, which finally 

 disappeared with the war of 181*2, and, though a 

 considerable coasting trade is still carried on, com- 

 merce from that time ceased to be a prominent 

 industry. It was replaced by manufacturing, 

 which has ever since been the characteristic occupa- 

 tion of the people. The cotton manufacturing 

 industry of the I'nitod States, had ito birth in 

 Rhode Island. In 17!M> Samuel Slater, xvho had 

 lieen an apprentice in England, built at 1'awtucket 

 Falls the first cotton-mill of America. Heeqiiipiml 

 the mill throughout xvith a complete set of machin- 

 ery which he constructed from memory, and by the 

 time Rhode Island had ceased to be a commercial 

 state it had already upwards of fifty cotton-mills. 

 ( 'otton manufacturing, with dyeing, bleaching, and 

 calico-printing, still holds the first place among 

 the industries of the community, followed, in im- 

 portance by the manufacture of woollen and iron 

 ;j<>.Mls especially screw-, locomotives, and firearms 



and of jewellery (see PROVIDKNCK ), rubber and 

 leather g<XMls, i\:c. 



Kliode Island has five counties and fi\e cilie-. 

 Providence and New|Hirt, the state capitals. 1'aw 

 tnckct. \ViMinsockfl, and Central Kails. It sends 

 two members to congress. The common school 

 system, established in 1828, is of the highest order ; 

 but on account of the number of forcign-lxirn 

 pci sons attracted to the mill villages, and the ditli- 

 culty in such communities of securing regular 

 attendance at the schools, there is n remarkable 

 prevalence of illiteracy. In 1897 there were 59,423 

 pupils enrolled at the elementary schools, with 

 1081! teachers ; 2909 pupils and 131 teachers in 

 hi;_'li schools ; and 850 students and 76 professors at 

 Ilrown l'niversity( 1764), one of the oldest and best 

 colleges of the country. 



The Northmen are sup|>oscd to have visited 

 Rhode Island in the 10th century ; and the ' ( )ld 

 Stone Mill ' at Newport ( q.v. ) has been claimed as 

 their work. The first |>erinanent settlement was 

 made at Providence by Roger Williams in 1636. 

 He and other settlers purchased lands from the 

 Indians, and, as a result of the wise policy dis- 

 played toward the natives, Rhode Island suffered 

 less from trouble with the Indians than many of 

 her sister colonies. Kliode Island was the last 

 ( 1700) of the, original thirteen states to ratify the 

 constitution. She took an active part in the Revo- 

 Intion, the, war of IH12, luid the civil war. Pop. 

 ( I7:tll| I7,!IX> ; ( IHHO)<)7,I!I'.I : ; Issili -_!7(i,.-,:U ; MS1K)') 

 .U.V.VHi ; ( I!MMI) 4-JM.. r >r>i. 



Rhodes, an i-land of the Mediterranean '"' 

 longing to Turkey, formerly an ini|Kirtant, wealthy, 

 and indc|>endcnt state of ancient IJreeee, lies 

 12 miles distant oil' the south-west coast of \-ia 

 Minor. It is 40 miles lung and 21 broad, and is 

 traversed in the direction of its great -! length 

 north-east to south-west by a chain of mountains, 

 which in Mount Artemira (the ancient A /"/.'///.) 

 reach a height of 4070 feet. The soil is on the 



