700 



RIRKKA 



K1HS 



Strubnrg. Excellent wines are mode ; cotton and 

 calico goods are manufactured, and there are 

 numerous flour, oil, and saw mill-. Pop. 59U*J. 



Klbcrit, JUSEPE, calle<l SPAGNOLBTTO ( Little 

 Spaniard '), was )x>ni at Jativa, near Valencia, on 

 l.'th January l.XH, and died at Naples in 1656. 

 He Htudied a few years with Francisco Kiluilta at 

 Valencia, then crossed tlic sea and continued his 

 studies in Koine, Parma, and Modena. Me settled 

 in Naples, where he adopted the boldness of Cara- 

 vaggio's style, and became the ablest painter among 

 the naturalitti, or artists whose treatment of sub- 

 jects was baaed on a vigorous, but generally coarse, 

 representation of nature, in oppositinn to that 

 formed on the study of conventional or academic 

 rules. He attracted the attention of the viceroy, 

 became court-painter, and was elected member of 

 the Academy of St Luke at Rome in 1630. His 

 realism is forcible and generally gl<x>my : he 

 delighted to represent horrible and gruesome sub- 

 jects, such as the martyrdoms of SS. Bartholomew, 

 Janriarius, and Lawrence, ' Prometheus,' &c. Bal- 

 vator K'I-.I and Giordano were his most distin- 

 guished pupils. He executed several etchings 

 marked by force and freedom. 



Kibes (from Arab, ribaz), a, genus of .-limbs 

 lielonging to the natural order Ribesiacen-, familiar 

 examples of which are the Gooselterry and the Cur- 

 rant of gardens. The species are chiefly natives of 

 the temperate and colder regions of the northern 

 hemisphere ; some are found at high elevations in 

 tropical America and on the Pacific coast, from 

 California to Chili. They are found also on the 

 mountains of Northern India, in the colder regions 

 of Africa and Europe, but western America is 

 the home of the largest niiml>er of the specie-. 

 They are twiggy shnibs, often, as in the (Jooseliei TV 

 (R. grossularia and R. spcciosum), armed with 

 spines, clothed with deciduous alternate leaves, 

 usually palmately lotted. The flowers are axillary 

 in racemes, rarely solitary small but often showy 

 in the mass, as in R. speciositm and 11. sunijuinfum. 

 the former a native of California, often to be met 

 with trained to walls in British gardens ; the latter, 

 enjoying a wide range in the northern United 

 States, is also a very popular shrub in British 

 gardens, well known under the name Scarlet or 

 Flowering Currant. The calyx is the most con- 

 spicuous organ of the flower. It is persistent or 

 adheres to the fruit after it is ripe, a feature very 

 familiar in the gooseberry. The fruit is a l>erry, 

 not in all species succulent, as in the gooseberry, 

 currant, and others, but sometimes, us in /,'. san- 

 ffitineum, almost entirely pulples* when ripe. 



The most important product of the genus is the 

 fruit, which consists* of sweet mucilage mixed with 

 malic and nitric acid along with un astringent 

 substance. The gooselterrv, the Red Currant (7i. 

 ruiirniH), and the Black Currant (R. niqrum) are 

 natives of Britain that is, they find a place in tho 

 British flora, though there are authorities who 

 doubt whether they are truly indigenous, lieing 

 rather disposed to think that where they are found 

 wild they are merely escapes from cultivation. 

 They have, however, I wen cultivated in British 

 gardens for centuries, and the fact that they attain 

 to higher |ierfection as fruits in Britain than in any 

 other country in Europe that in France, I' 

 and Spain, although the plant is well known, the 

 fruit is ahvriy- inferior owing to the greater warmth 

 of the rlirnat is strongly in favour of the pre- 

 sumption that tho plant* are indigenous to Mritnin 

 (see Crni:\M I ;I><>-KIIKI:I:\ . (inn-si i.\i:i.v 

 The fruit of /,'. iifi/tiriintliiiitlrit, /.'. /iiritstre, and 

 other-, native* of North America, are pleasant to 

 eat and have similar properties to those ascribed 

 t-> the goo-elx-m and currant*. 



Kib-crass. See PLANTAIN. 



Ribs are elastic arches of bone, which, with the 

 vertebral column liohind, and the sternum or breast- 

 bone in front, constitute the osseous part of the 

 walls of the chest. In man there are twelve ribs 

 on each side. The first seven are more directly 

 connected through intervening curtilages with the 

 sternum than the remainder, and hence they are 

 termed vertebro-sttnuil or true rilw ; while the other 

 five are known as false ribt, and the last two of 

 these, from being quite free at their anterior ex- 

 tremities, are termed floating ribt. A glance at a 

 skeleton, or at a plate representing the articulated 



Fig. l.-The Ribs, n ritu : 



1 sml 2 are the upper and the middle jmrt-i of the sterntmi or 

 breast-bone ; 8, Its cnsifnrm cartilage ; 4, the first dorsal, and 

 6 the last ( or twelfth) dorsal verU-lira; B, the first rib; 7, IU 

 head; 8, its neck, resting against the trans\,'i*i- |>r<K'rw of 

 the first dorsal vertebra ; 8, IU tubercle ; 10, the seventh or 

 last true rili ; 11, the costal cartilages of the true ribs; 12, the 

 last two false ribs or floating rib*. 



bones, will show that the ril vary very consider- 

 ably both in their direction and size. The upper 

 ribs are nearly horizontal, but the others lie wrth 

 the anterior extremity lower than the posterior; 

 this obliquity increasing to the ninth rib, and then 

 slightly decreasing. They increase in length from 

 the first to the eighth, and then again diminish. 

 The spaces between the rilw are termed the ?'/ 

 i-',.\tii/ space*. On examining a rib taken from about 

 the middle of the series we lind that it presents 

 two extremities (a posterior or vertebral, and an 

 anterior or sternal), and an intervening portion, 

 termed the body or shaft. The posterior extremity 

 presents a head, a neck, and a tulicrosity. The 

 nead is marked by two concave articular surfnc < - 

 divided by a ridge, the lower facet being tin 1 

 larger. These surfaces fit into the cavity formed 

 by the junction of two contiguous dorsal vertcbne, 

 and the ridge serves for the attachment of a liga- 

 ment. The neck is a flattened portion proceeding 

 from the head ; it is alniut an inch long, and 

 terminates at an eminence termed the tnlicroRity 

 or tubercle, from whence the shaft commence-. 

 On the lower and inner part of tin- tubercle i- 

 a small oval surface, which articulates (as shown 

 in tig. 2) with a corn-ponding surface on the upper 

 part of the transverse MOMMol the lower of the 

 two vertebni' with which the head is connected. 

 The shaft presents an external convex anil an 

 internal concave surface. A little external to tho 

 tutiercle the rib U bent to form the angle, from 



