RICHARD OF BURY 



RICHARDSON 



707 



Richard de Bury. See AUNGERVILLE. 

 Richard of Cirencester, an early English 



chronicler, whose life falls between 1335 and 1401. 

 His name is found in 1355 in the list of monks of 

 the Benedictine monastery of St Peter, West- 

 minster. In 1391 he obtained a license from his 

 abbot to visit Koine, and he died in 1401. The 

 only known work of his extant is a poor compila- 

 tion in four books, the Speculum Histuriale de 

 Gestis Regum Anglice 44~-lU(Jt>, edited for the Rolls 

 series by Professor J. E. B. Mayor (2 vols. 

 1863-69). It is of some independent value for the 

 history of Westminster Abbey and Edward the 

 Confessor. But Richard's name is l>est known in 

 connection with the notorious forgery, De Situ 

 Britannia, long accepted, to the serious detriment 

 of history, as an authoritative work on the an- 

 tiquities of Roman Britain. This work was first 

 printed in 1758 by its ingenious author, Charles 

 Julius Bertram ( 1723-65), teacher of English in the 

 naval cadets' school at Coj>enhagen, who professed 

 to have discovered it in the Royal Library there. 

 In the same volume were included the works of 

 Hildas and Nennius, the title of the whole being 

 Britiinnicaruin Gentium Histories Antiqvce Scri/i- 

 tores tres, Ricardns Corinetisis, Gildas Badonicus, 

 Nennius Baiichiiren.iis. A new edition of the 

 treatise, with an English translation, appeared at i 

 London in 1849 ; a reprint forms one of the ' Six j 

 Old English Chronicles' in Bolm's 'Antiquarian 

 Library (1848). Dr William Stukeley, with whom 

 Bertram hail corresponded since 1747, received the 

 book warmly on its appearance ; Gibbon commends 

 'a genuine knowledge of antiquity very extra- 

 ordinary for a monk of the 14th century;' all the 

 historians, even Lingard and Lappenberg, trusted 

 it; and even so late as 1886 we find it gravely 

 treated as an authority in a work by James Grant 

 on the Tartans of the Clans of Scotland. Some 

 later scholars, such as Guest, hail doubted, if not 

 condemned it, but its authenticity received its 

 death-blow in the series of papers contributed to the 

 Gentleman's Magazine ( 1866-67 ) by Mr Woodward, 

 librarian of Windsor Castle. Again in Professor 

 Mayor's preface the various sources of the forgery 

 are elaborately set forth, and everything satisfac- 

 torily accounted for but the credulity of its dupes. 



Richard of Cornwall, second son of John, 

 king of England, was born on 5th January 1209. 

 In 1225-26 he and his uncle, William of Salisbury, 

 com manded an expedition which recovered Gascony, 

 and the next year he received Cornwall, as the result 

 of a rising of the earls to compel the king ( Henry 

 III.) to make provision for him. He managed his 

 money matters well, and his wealth, as well as his 

 prudence, saved Henry in many an impending 

 ni-U. For some years he acted with the English 

 barons, to many of whom he was closely related by 

 his marriage with Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, 

 daughter of the Earl of Pembroke. In 1232 he was 

 one of the leaders in the opposition to Hubert de 

 Burgh ; and in 1238 he headed an armed rising 

 provoked by the king's secret marriage of his sister 

 to Simon de Montfort. But Richard was still heir 

 to the throne, and the articles which Henry was 

 prepared to sign, and which dismissed his foreign 

 advisers, appeared to the earl to bind the king's 

 bunds too closely, and he drew back. In 1240-41 

 Richard was away on a crusade, and the next year 

 he was with his brother in Gascony ; and in 1244 he 

 married Sanchia of Provence, sister of Queen 

 Eleanor, and this second marriage drew him away 

 from the baronage. In 1252 he refused the popes 

 otter to sell him the crown of Sicily; but in 1257 

 lie was elected by a majority titular king of the 

 Romans, and was soon afterwards crowned at 

 Aix-la-Chapelle ; and he was skilful enough to 



maintain a certain hold on Germany, lavishing 

 his wealth to maintain his own position and the 

 dignity of the empire. In the great struggle 

 which took place between Henry III. and his 

 nobles Richard at first acted as a peacemaker. 

 Subsequently, however, he sided with his brother 

 against Simon de Montfort ; and he was taken pris- 

 oner at Lewes, and imprisoned for a year, until the 

 battle of Evesham ( 1265) set him free. In 1267 he 

 was a third time married, to Beatrice, niece of the 

 Elector of Cologne. Richard died at Kirkluim, 2d 

 April 1272, broken-hearted at the loss of his 

 eldest son, Henry, who was murdered at Viterbo by 

 the Montforts, and immortalised by Dante. Two 

 other sons died also without issue. 



Richards, BRINLEY, pianist and composer, 

 was born at Carmarthen in Wales in 1819, the son 

 of a church organist. He began to study music at 

 the Royal Academy in London about 1835, and on 

 the completion of his studies soon won a good 

 position in London as a pianist and teacher of music. 

 He was for many years a professor of the Royal 

 Academy. His compositions for sacred and part 

 songs and for the pianoforte won great popularity, 

 especially his 'God Bless the Prince of Wales." 

 Richards bestowed much attention upon the study 

 and encouragement of Welsh music. He died on 

 1st May 1885. 



Richardson, SIR BENJAMIN WARD, M.D., 

 LL. D., F. R.S. , physician, author, and inventor, 

 was born at Somerby, Leicestershire, 31st Octol>er 

 1828. He studied at Anderson's College, Glasgow, 

 took the diploma in 1850 of the faculty of Physi- 

 cians and Surgeons, and graduated in medicine at 

 St Andrews in 1854. He was a frequent contrib- 

 utor to the Medical Times and Gazette, and gained 

 the Fothergillian gold medal for an essay on 

 ' Diseases of the Fo3tiis in LHero,' and the Astley- 

 Cooper prize of 300 guineas in 1856 for an essay on 

 the 'Coagulation of the Blood.' Dr Richardson's 

 medical inventions include a double-valve inhaler 

 for chloroform, an ether spray tube, apparatus for 

 embalming, a mask for workers in dust, a lethal 

 chamber for painless extinction of the life of lower 

 animals, &c. He tried various new an.-psthetics, 

 and discovered the controlling influence of nitrite 

 of amyl over tetanus. He wrote and lectured on 

 total abstinence, public health, and many medical 

 and scientific subjects, and popularised many facts 

 in sanitary science. He founded the Journal of 

 Public Health in 1855 and the Snc.itil Science Review 

 in 1862, and a quarterly journal, entirely written 

 by himself, The Asdcpiad, in 1861 and 1884 on- 

 wards. In 1868 he was presented with 1000 guineas 

 and a microscope by 600 of his medical brethren and 

 friends. He was knighted in 1893, and died 21st 

 November 1896. See his autobiographical Vita 



His published works and essays are numerous, in- 

 chiding Cause of the Coagulation of the Blood (1856); 

 Alcohol, its Actinn and its Use (1869); Cantor l.eetvra 

 on Alcohol (1875); Hyijeia, A Model City of Health 

 (187(J) ; Diseaset of Modern Life (1876); Moderate 

 Drinking (1879); A Review of the Life and Work of 

 Edwin Chadwick (2 vols. 1887) ; Common Health (1887); 

 National Health ( 1890 ) ; Life of Sopinlh ( 1891 ). 



Richardson, CHARLES, lexicographer, was 

 torn in July 1775, studied law, kept school 

 at Clapham, received in 1852 a pension of 75, 

 and died October 6, 1865. His first work, Illus- 

 trations of English Philology (1815), led to his 

 undertaking an English dictionary for the Ency- 

 clopcedia Metropolitana, the first part of which 

 appeared in January 1818. The project fell 

 through, but Richardson's New Dictionary of the 

 English Language at length appeared complete in 

 two quarto volumes in 1837. Tne work was warmly 



