710 



RICHKLIEU 



RICHMOND 



Spani-h court were soon revealed to tlie cardinal, 

 the centre of a network of espionage w hi.-'u MTWM 

 the whole of France. When llir Innn watt ripe lie 

 placed in the king's hands at Taraxcon proofs of 

 the traitorous plot with Sjuiiu, anil was given full 

 powers ax Lieutenant general of the realm. Cinq- 

 Slant anil De Thou were at once arrested, and the 

 H i etched coward I iaxton of Orleans hastened after 

 his kind to buy his own Hecurity by betraying 

 his accomplices. Cinq- Mars and De Thou were 

 executed at Lyons in the autumn of 1642. But 

 the great minuter was himself dying in the hour 

 of IIM greatest triumphs. Death had often drawn 

 near him, but the strong will and fiery soul within 

 In- fiail and feeble frame had thrust him aside and 

 retained tin- Meeting life. He faced the inevitable 

 at In.- 1 with calm tranquillity when the priest 

 bade him forgive his enemies, he made answer, 'I 

 have n-i IT had any other enemies than the state's.' 

 We see the same iinlmman impersonality in the 

 identification of hiniHelf with the state in hU 

 Memoire* ' I have been severe to some in order 

 to be good to all. ... It U justice that I have 

 loved and not vengeance. ... I wished to give to 

 Gaul the limit- that nature had marked out for 

 her ... to identify Gaul with France, and wher- 

 ever the ancient Gaul had been, there to restore 

 the new.' He died 4th December 1642, bequeath- 

 ing .Ma/.ai in to the king as his successor. 



Richelieu built up the power of the French crown, 

 he achieved for France a preponderance in Europe, 

 and throughout life he moved onwards to his goal 

 with the .strongest tenacity of purpose, unmoved 

 cither by fear or pity. He destroyed the local 

 liberties of France, and crushed every element of 

 constitutional government, and his policy over- 

 whelmed the citizens with taxation and made 

 waste places some of her fairest provinces and most 

 thriving towns. Our judgment of him will always 

 ditlcr according as we examine his end or his means 

 the public or the private man. He never sacri- 

 ficed to personal ambition the interests of his country 

 :i- these seemed to himself, but he often forgot in 

 his methods the laws of morality ami humanity. 

 There U no need here to discuss the more funda- 

 mental <|iif-tii>ii of whether his end was actually 

 identical with the highest good of France the best 

 defence thai even so redoubtable a Chauvinist as 

 Henri Martin can oiler is that he merely developed 

 out to the full tendencies long rooted in French soil, 

 and that no other ideal of a policy was then possible 

 for France but a systematised alwoliitism under a 

 beneficent despot. Nor have we sympathy to spare 

 for the corrupt and selfish nobles whom he enuhad 

 with a seventy so merciless that he drove twenty 

 one jierxons into exile, all of them the greatest 

 names in France, banished sixty-live, several of 

 ladies, while seventy-three nobles were Hung 

 into prison, and forty-three were either beheaded 

 or died in prison. 



We know the face of Richelieu best from Philippe 

 de Cbampagiw'l picture in the Ixmvre, in which 

 the energy of the model had passed into the hand 

 of the artist A pale apparition, the mere ghost of 

 a great man in Michelet s phrase, neither flesh nor 

 blood, but all intellect, as Quinet said of Voltaire, 

 he looks down upon us still with that steady and 

 penetrating eye and that impi-iions gesture that 

 overawed the king and the proudest peer, of France. 

 The weakest point in Klein-lien's character was his 

 liUrrary ambition and the extraordinary pains he 

 took to construct a literary- reputation. His own 

 play-, for the fate of which he trembled with 

 anxiety, aleep in safe oblivion, but his Mf moire* 

 are still read with interest, forming a subtle and 

 elaborate panegvrie U|xm himself, MO that Michelet 

 ays in his paradoxical manner, yet not without 

 truth, ' If one would not know Richelieu, one 



should read his Memoirs.' He founded the French 

 Academy. His Correspondence and State Papers, 

 edited by d'Avenel, (ill 8 vols. of the Cullertiun 

 Je Document* intdit* tvr I'llittoire de France 

 ( 1853-77 ). 



Se the article FRANCE ; Capengue, Richelieu, Afaearin, 

 ft La frontle CM ed. 1844), and Lt Cant. ,1, Richelieu 

 (1866) ; Dusneux, Lt Card. Richelieu (1885) ; D'Avenel, 

 Xithflini ,t In Mminrtkie oMur (3 voU. 1884-89); 

 Hanotaux, Hiitoire du Card, dc Sirketifu (1893). 



Kichmond, an ancient municipal liorough in 

 the North Killing of Yorkshire, on the left bank 

 of the deep-channelled Swale, 4!) miles by a branch- 

 line NW. of York. Its Norman castle (1072- 

 1146), now utilised for barracks, stores, &c., has 

 a very line banqueting -hall and a keep 100 feet 

 high. Other buildings are the parish church (re- 

 stored by Scott, 1860), with good wood -carvings ; 

 Queen Elizabeth's grammar-school ( 1867 ; rebuilt, 

 1849-68); the market-house ( 1854) ; and the Perpen- 

 dicular tower of a Franciscan friary, founded in 1258. 

 The racecourse (847 feet aliove sea-level ) commands 

 a magnificent view. Till 1867 Richmond returned 

 two members, and then till 1885 one. Pop. ( I v'.l i 

 4)06 ; ( 1881 ) 4502 ; ( 1891 ) 4216. The earldom of 

 Kichmond was conferred by the Conqueror on his 

 kinsman, Alan Rufus, son of the Count of Brittany, 

 and, coming into the possession of the crown 

 through John of Gannt, was granted by Henry 

 VI. to the father of Henry VII Henry VII I. 

 created his natural son, Henry Kit /my (1517-36), 

 Duke of Richmond, as Charles II. did his natural 

 son, Charles Lennox (1672-1723), the ancestor of 

 the present Duke of Richmond and Gordon. 



See works by R. Gale (Latin, 1722), Clarkson (1821 ), 

 Wliitaker (2 vols. 1823), Robinson (1833), and Long- 

 staffe(1852). 



Richmond, a town of Surrey, 8| miles WS\V. 

 of London (by rail 9J, by river 16), stands partly 

 on the summit and declivity of Richmond Hill, 

 and partly on the level right hank of the Thames. 

 The Terrace, stretching along the brow of the hill, 

 commands an unrivalled prospect of hill and dale, 

 woodland and winding stream ; and one of the 

 fairest river-views in England may be gained from 

 Richmond Bridge, which, 100 yards long, was built 

 in 1774-77 at a cost of 26,000. Only a gateway 

 remains of the ancient royal palace of Sheen, where 

 died Edward III., Richard II. 's queen, Anne of 

 Bohemia, Henry VII., and Elizabeth, and which 

 was rebuilt by Henry V. and Henry VII. (1499), 

 who renamed the place Richmond after his own 

 former earldom. That palace, which has memories 

 also of Wolsey, Charles V., and many others, was 

 dismantled in 1648; but the splendid deer-park, 

 formed by Charles I. in 1634, remains. It covers 

 2253 acres ; and its brick wall is nearly 8 miles in 

 circumference. Scott here makes Jeanie Deans 

 have her audience with Queen Caroline. The well- 

 known '.Star and Garter," which dates from 1738, 

 was largely destroyed by fire in 1870, but rebuilt 

 in 1872-74 at a cost of 24,000 ; its banqueting- 

 house escaped, built by Harry in 1865. At the 

 parish church are buried the poet Thomson, Kean, 

 I ..-nl\ Di Benuclerk, and Dr John Moore ; and here, 

 too, Swifts Stella was baptised. St Mathias' 

 ( 1858) is a striking building nv Scott, with a spire 

 195 feet high ; and there are also a Wesleyan theo- 

 logical college (1834), a free library (1881), \c. ; 

 whilst Kiehmond worthies other than those aliove 

 mentioned have been Reynolds. Cainslionmgli, 



Collins, and Karl Ki II. Market and niii-iTV 



gardening is a chief industry. Kichinonil a- in 

 corporated as a municipal lioroiigli in IS!K). Top. 

 (1861)7423; (1881) 19,066; (1891) 24,684. See 

 R, Crisp's Richmond (1866); Hnnnil l;ii-li>n<nl 

 ( 1881 ) ; and E. B. Chancellor's Historical, Kichmond 

 (1885). 



