RICHMOND 



RICHTER 



711 



Richmond, (1) capital of Wayne county, 

 Indiana, on the East Fork of Whitewater River, 

 69 miles by rail NNW. of Cincinnati, and 68 E. of 

 Indianapolis. It was founded by the Society of 

 Friends, who in 1859 established Earlhain College 

 here, for both sexes. There are manufactures of 

 agricultural implements, machinery, boilers, flour, 

 Ac. Pop. (1880) 1-2.743T; (1900) 18,226. (2) Capital 

 of Madison county, Kentucky, 1 19 miles by rail S. 

 by W. of Cincinnati. It is the seat of the Central 

 University (Southern Presbyterian ; 1873) and the 

 Madison Female Institute. Pop. ( 1900) 4653. 



(3) The capital of Virginia, on the left bank of 

 the James Kiver (here crossed by a number of 

 bridges), at the head of tide water, about 150 miles 

 from' its mouth, and llti miles by rail S. of Wash- 

 ington. It is a port of entry, and vessels drawing 

 14 feet of water can come up to the lower end of 

 the city, where there are large docks. Richmond 

 is picturesquely situated on a group of hills, the 

 summit of one Shockoe Hill being occupied by 

 the capital ( 1796), which contains valuable colonial 

 archives and portraits ; it possesses also a marble 

 statue of Washington W Houdon, and in its 

 grounds are statues of Henry Clay and 'Stone- 

 wall ' Jackson, and the Washington monument, a 

 noble bronze group by Thomas Crawford. Patrick 

 Henry is buried in St John's churchyard, and Presi- 

 dent Monroe in Hollywood Cemetery, where also 

 is a Confederate monument 90 feet high. Among 

 other notable public buildings are the governor's 

 mansion, the new city hall, custom-house and post- 

 office, penitentiary, almshouse, and markets. In 

 the city are Richmond College ( Baptist ; 1832) and 

 the Virginia Medical College. The James River 

 Falls here supply immense water-power, and in 

 1890 the city contained 783 manufacturing estab- 

 lishments, employing 21,618 hands, with a capital 

 of $16,596,500. The chief of these are numerous 

 tobacco- factories (employing 8792 people), great 

 rolling-mills, iron-foundries, nail-works, macnine- 

 and locomotive-works. Hour, meal-flour, and paper 

 mills, and fertiliser-works. Five railways meet at 

 Richmond, which is a terminus also of the James 

 River and Kanawha Canal ; and there are regular 

 steamers to New York, Philadelphia, and Balti- 

 more. The chief exports are cotton, flour, and 

 tobacco. Richmond was founded in 1737, and 

 became the capital in 1779. On 26th December 

 181 1 the burning of a theatre destroyed the lives 

 of sixty persons, including the governor of the 

 state. In 1861 Richmond was selected as the Con- 

 federate capital, and from that period was the 

 objective point of the Union armies in the east, 

 and defended bv General Lee with a large army 

 and formidable lines of earthworks (which event- 

 ually extended for nearly 40 miles), until the 

 seizure of the lines of supply by Generals Grant 

 and Sheridan compelled its evacuation, after 

 almost a year's siege and a series of sanguinary 

 battles, on the night of April 2, 186.3. A con- 

 sidcniMc portion of the city was burned by the 

 retreating Confederates. But in the quarter of a 

 century that followed Richmond recovered her old 

 beauty. Mid more than her old prosperity and im- 

 portance. In 1888 an 'agricultural, mechanical, 

 and tobacco exposition' was held here. Pop. 

 < I860) 37,910; (1870)51,038; (1880) 63,600 ;( 1890) 

 M ,388 ; ( 1900 ) 85,050. See the articles McCLELLAN, 

 (iitAXT, I,KK, UNITED STATES. 



Richmond, LKGH, author of the Dairyman's 

 Itniiiflilrr, was born at Liverpool, 29th January 

 1772, and while a child was lamed for life by 

 leaping from a wall. He studied at Trinity Col- 

 lege, Cambridge, and was appointed in 1798 to the 

 joint curacies of Brading and Yaverland in the Isle 

 of Wight, in 1805 to the rectory of Turvey in Bed- 

 fordshire, where he died, 8th May 1827. He wrote 



Fathers of the English Church and Domestic Por- 

 traiture memoirs of his three deceased children 

 and in a happier hour his Dairyman's Daughter, 

 Negro Servant, and Young Cottager, three evan- 

 gelical tracts which have carried his name over 

 the world. Collected they form Annals of the 

 Poor (1814). See the Memoirs by the Rev. T. S. 

 Grimshawe (1828; ed. by Bishop G. T. Bedell, 

 Phila. 1846). 



Richter, JOHANN PAUL FRIEDRICH, usually 

 known by his pen-name of JEAN PAUL (with 

 the French pronunciation), Germany's greatest 

 humorist, was born on the first day of spring 

 (21st March) 1763, at Wnnsiedel, a little town of 

 the sequestered pine-clad Fichtelgebirge in North 

 Bavaria. The imaginative boy was brought up in 

 the idyllic sabbath-life of the mountain villages in 

 which his father was pastor, went to school at the 

 town of Hof, and in 1781 was sent to Leipzig Uni- 

 versity to study theology. But, like Lessing, he 

 did not study theology ; Rousseau and Voltaire, 

 Swift and Sterne, Pope and Young, had much 

 stronger attractions for him, and he too resolved 

 to wnte books. He asserted his independence of 

 custom by discarding the periwig and stiff necktie, 

 wore his hair long, his shirt and vest open at the 

 throat, and dressed him as he pleased. But he 

 found it harder work to get bread than to write 

 and assert his position as an ' emancipated ' youth. 

 Being poor, he got into debt all round, and in 

 November 1784 fled secretly from Leipzig, to go 

 and hide his head in the poverty-stricken home of 

 his mother (a penniless widow since 1779) at Hof. 

 His first literary 'children' were satires; but he 

 could get no publisher to introduce them to the 

 world, until in 1783 Voss of Berlin gave him 

 forty louis d'or for The Greenland Law-suits. The 

 book was a failure. For three years Jean Paul 

 struggled on at home, his mother spinning hard 

 for bread, he helping with the few florins he earned 

 by his pen. He read enormously, omnivorously, 

 and sat hours making excerpts from the lx>oks he 

 devoured a practice he kept up from early boyhood 

 to old age. These many folios of closely-written 

 pages were the storehouses upon which he drew 

 for materials when he came to write his romances. 

 He took long rambles amongst the hills and forests, 

 his hair Hying in the wind, a book in his hand 

 or a song on his lips, and a favourite dog at his 

 heels. In the beginning of 1787 he began to teach 

 the children of different families in the district, 

 and of course taught by original methods. All 

 this time he still went on writing, and during his 

 nine years of tutorship produced, amongst other 

 things, the satirical Extracts from the Devil's 

 Papers (1789), Pallet's Journey (1796), and 

 Freudel's Complaint (1796), the last two amongst 

 the liest examples of his satirico-humorous writings ; 

 the beautiful idylls Dominie Wnz (I'M), Quintus 

 Fixlein (1796; Eng. trans, by Carlyle, 1827), the 

 Parson's Jubilee (1797), the 'first two perhaps the 

 most finished things Jean Paul ever wrote ; the 

 grand romances The Invisible Lodge (1793), Ilts- 

 perus (1795 ; Eng. trans. 1865), and Flower, Fruit, 

 and Thorn Pieces, or Siebenkas (1796-97; Eng. 

 trans, by Noel 1844 and 1871, by Ewing 1877); 

 Campanerthal (1797 ; Eng. trans. 1857), a series of 

 reflections on the immortality of the soul, an un- 

 digestible book ; and the prose lyrical idyll, My 

 Prospective Autobiography (1799). The Invisible 

 Lodge was his first literary success ; Hesperus 

 made him famous. In 1796 Charlotte von Kalb, 

 perhaps the most remarkable, certainly the most 

 advanced, woman of her age in Germany, wrote 

 to express her admiration of the book ; and a few 

 months later, at her invitation, Jean Paul visited 

 Weimar. There Goethe received him politely, but 

 with cool reserve ; that, too, was Schiller's attitude. 



