RISHANGER 



RITSCHL 



733 



sleep, lie discovers, has lasted twenty years, and 

 meantime the American Revolution lias passed 

 and left all things changed. Kip, however, is 

 recognised by some of his old cronies, finds a home 

 at Ins daughter's house, and for many more years 

 is as comfortable at the door of the new wooden 

 Union Hotel as ever he was at old Nicholas 

 Vedder's quiet Dutch inn. The story has been 

 often dramatised in America, but no version has 

 held the stage except Boucicault's (1865), with 

 which the name of Joseph Jefferson is identified. 

 The opera by Planquette ( 1882) also deserves men- 

 tion, as keeping pretty closely to the story. 



Risliangrr, WILLIAM, a monk of St Albans, 

 who styles himself ' Chronigraphus ' in an extant 

 memorandum written by himself in 1312. He tells 

 us, moreover, that he had been forty-one years a 

 monk, and was then sixty-two years old, so that 

 lie must have been torn in the year 1250. It has 

 been usual to consider his Chronica, which covers 

 the period from 1259 to 1307, as a continuation of 

 Matthew Paris, and it has been to a large extent 

 borrowed from the Annales of the Dominican 

 Friar, Nicholas Trivet. For example, as Mr 

 Oainlner points out, the whole reign of Edward I. 

 is almost exactly identical in the two. As a 

 chronicler Rishanger is full and truthful, but his 

 work is fragmentary towards the close, and besides 

 some confusion has crept into the order of the 

 narrative. The story is told with considerable 

 spirit, uii'! reveals high admiration for Simon de 

 .Mi in IN nt. The Willelmi Rishanger Chronica et 

 A unities, forming vol. iii. of the Chronica Monas- 

 terii H. Alltuni, was edited for the Rolls series by 

 H. T. Riley (1865). 



Kishi is the title given to the inspired poets of 

 the V'edic hymns. See VEDA. 



Risotto, an Italian dish, consisting chiefly of 

 rice. Onions are shred into a frying-pan with 

 plenty of butter, and they are fried together until 

 the onions become very brown, and communicate 

 their colour to the butter. The butter is then run 

 off, and to this is added some rich broth, slightly 

 coloured with saffron, and the whole is thickened 

 with well-boiled rice, and served up instead of 

 soup at the commencement of a dinner. 



Ristigonche. See RESTIGOUCHE. 



Ristori, ADELAIDE, an Italian tragedienne, 

 was born on 26th January 1821, at Cividale in 

 Friuli. Her parents were strolling players, and 

 she almost began life in the theatre. At the age 

 of fourteen she played in Francesco, da Rimini, and 

 in a few years became the leading Italian actress. 

 In 1847 her marriage with the Marquis Del Grillo 

 (died 1861) temporarily interrupted her dramatic 

 career ; but she soon returned to the stage. After 

 having acted in Italy for some years with immense 

 applause, she presented herself before a French 

 audience in 1855, when Rachel was at the height 

 of her fame. But Ristori won a complete triumph : 

 and thereafter gained fresh laurels in nearly every 

 country of Europe, in the United States (in 1866, 

 1875, and 1884-85), and in South America, where 

 her magnificent tragic acting roused the greatest 

 enthusiasm. The roles in which she especially 

 shone were Mary Stuart (Schiller's), Elizabeth 

 ( Giacometti's ), Medea and Marie Antoinette 

 (Legouve's), Lady Macbeth, and Adrienne Leeouv- 

 reur ( Scribe's ). See her Studies and Memories 

 (Eng. trans, from French, 1888). 



Ritchie, MRS RICHMOND. See THACKERAY. 



Ritornello, in Music, in its original sense, 

 a short repetition, like that of an echo, or a 

 repetition of the closing part of a song by one 

 or more instruments. The same term has, 

 by later usage, been applied to all symphonies 



played before the voices begin which prelude or 

 introduce a song, as well as the symphonies be- 

 tween the members or periods of a song. The 

 name is also given to the oldest form of the Italian 

 popular poetry, and consists typically of a strophe 

 of three Iambic lines, the first and third rhyming. 



Ritsclll, ALBRECHT, Protestant theologian, 

 was born 25th March 1822, at Berlin, where his 

 father was a clergyman. His university studies 

 were carried on at Bonn, Halle, Heidelberg, and 

 Tubingen. In 1846 he 'habilitated' at Bonn, the 

 subject of his thesis (in the treatment of which he 

 substantially reflected the views of his Tubingen 

 master, Baur) being the relation between the 

 gospel of Marcion and the canonical gospel of 

 Luke. His next published work, on the origin of 

 the early Catholic Church, was of similar tendency, 

 though seeking to modify the conclusions of his 

 contemporary bchwegler as to the influence and 

 extension of Ebionitism in the apostolic and post- 

 apostolic age ; but in the second and completely 

 rewritten edition of the same work he took up 

 towards the fundamental positions of the Tubingen 

 school an attitude of antagonism, which he ever 

 afterwards maintained. He now denied the alleged 

 Ebionitism of primitive Christianity altogether, 

 and, accepting as genuine the epistles of James and 

 Peter as well as the Apocalypse and Acts, main- 

 tained that none of the apostles had regarded the 

 law as religiously binding, and that they only con- 

 tinued its observance as a national custom among 

 Jews, leaving Gentile converts free. Ritschl, who 

 had become professor extra-ordinarius of Theology 

 at Bonn in 1853, was promoted to an ordinary pro- 

 fessorship in 1860, and in 1864 was transferred to 

 Gottingen, where the rest of his life was spent. 

 His lectures, especially those on Christian ethics, 

 soon became famous for their originality and 

 vigour. While in Bonn Ire had also published 

 a tract on the relation between the church and 

 its confession (1854), and a Latin dissertation on 

 the wrath of God (1859). The list of his Got- 

 tingen publications includes, besides his principal 

 work, a treatise on Christian perfection (1874), 

 a tract on conscience (1876), a history of Pietism 

 (1880-86; 3 vols.), a tract on theology and meta- 

 physics (2d ed. 1887), and a volume containing 

 three academical discourses (1887). He died at 

 GOttingen, 20th March 1889. 



His principal work, on the Christian doctrine of 

 justification and reconciliation, was published in 

 three volumes (1870-74; 3d ed., with noteworthy 

 alterations, 1888), the first of which traces the his- 

 tory of the doctrine, the second discusses its biblical 

 premises, and the third its theological meaning. 

 An English translation of the first volume by the 

 present writer appeared in 1871. The work as a 

 whole expounds with much force and effectiveness 

 a theological system marked by great dialectic 

 acuteness and subtlety, ingenious and searching 

 exegesis, and bold disregard of ecclesiastical tradi- 

 tion. The distinguishing feature of the Ritschlian 

 theology is perhaps the prominence it gives to the 

 practical, ethical, social side of Christianity. As a 

 reasoned system it starts from a definite theory of 

 cognition, eclectically derived from Kant through 

 Lotze, which lias sometimes been called a sub- 

 jective idealism, and criticised as denying all objec- 

 tive reality to the objects of theology. But hardly 

 with justice. For, though doubting the possibility 

 of demonstrating God to the merely speculative 

 intellect, Ritschl holds that God is really, effec- 

 tively, practically revealed to man on his religious 

 side ; in other words, becomes known to those who 

 have found their need of Him. God is to be 

 thought of as love ; there is no other conception 

 of equal value. In particular the conception of His 

 holiness is an obscure one, and His righteousness 



